Saturday, January 25, 2020
Classical vs. Operant Conditioning :: essays research papers
Learning Thoughts on Learning â€Å"Learning is not compulsory. Neither is survival.†–     W. Edwards Demming â€Å"Education is what survives when what has been learned has been forgotten.†–     B.F. Skinner â€Å"I am always doing that which I cannot do, in order that I may learn how to do it.†–     Pablo Picasso What is Learning? A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience Types of Learning †¢Ã‚     Classical conditioning †¢Ã‚     Operant conditioning †¢Ã‚     Cognitive and social learning Classical Conditioning: Examples †¢Ã‚     Sound of a dentist’s drill: sweaty palms †¢Ã‚     Smell of mom’s perfume: smiling †¢Ã‚     Sight of certain restaurant: nausea †¢Ã‚     Noise of a can opener: cat comes running †¢Ã‚     Smell of a hospital: weakened immunity Classical Conditioning †¢Ã‚     Discovered (accidentally) by Ivan Pavlov Pavlov’s Observation †¢Ã‚     Studied digestion in dogs Pavlov’s Experiment: Phase 1 †¢Ã‚     Food (US): salivation (UR) –     Reflexive response †¢Ã‚     Tone (CS): nothing (CR) Pavlov’s Experiment: Phase 2 †¢Ã‚     CS is repeatedly paired with the US –     A tone is sounded before the food is presented Pavlov’s Experiment: Phase 3 †¢Ã‚     Eventually, the CS elicits a new CR –     Hearing the tone by itself causes salivation Classical Conditioning: Conditioned Emotional Response †¢Ã‚     Avoidance learning †¢Ã‚     Conditioned phobias –     Little Albert Classical Conditioning †¢Ã‚     Extinction †¢Ã‚     Spontaneous recovery Classical Conditioning †¢Ã‚     Stimulus generalization †¢Ã‚     Stimulus discrimination Higher Order Conditioning †¢Ã‚     Pair CS1 with a new CS2 †¢Ã‚     CS2: CR †¢Ã‚     But, CR will be weaker Classical Conditioning Applied †¢Ã‚     Drug overdoses †¢Ã‚     Smoking: environmental cues †¢Ã‚     Systematic desensitization †¢Ã‚     Advertising: sex appeal †¢Ã‚     Taste aversion †¢Ã‚     Conditioning and the immune system Types of Learning †¢Ã‚     Classical Conditioning †¢Ã‚     Operant Conditioning †¢Ã‚     Cognitive and Social Learning Operant Conditioning: Examples †¢Ã‚     Tantrums are punished: fewer tantrums †¢Ã‚     Tantrums bring attention: more tantrums †¢Ã‚     Slot machine pays out: gamble more †¢Ã‚     Reward dog for sitting: dog is likely to sit Operant Conditioning †¢Ã‚     Thorndike’s puzzle box –     Law of Effect: actions that have positive outcomes are likely repeated †¢Ã‚     Skinner box Operant Conditioning: Principles †¢Ã‚     Stimulus-Response †¢Ã‚     Reinforcement –     Positive reinforcement –     Negative reinforcement Effective Punishment †¢Ã‚     Should be –     Swift –     Consistent –     Appropriately aversive †¢Ã‚     Challenges –     Physical punishment may be imitated –     May fear the person who punishes †¢Ã‚     Most effective when paired with reinforcers Reinforcement †¢Ã‚     Primary reinforcers †¢Ã‚     Secondary reinforcers †¢Ã‚     Behavior modification †¢Ã‚     Immediate versus delayed reinforcement Beyond Basic Reinforcement †¢Ã‚     Generalization †¢Ã‚     Discrimination –     Discriminative stimulus †¢Ã‚     Extinction †¢Ã‚     Spontaneous recovery
Friday, January 17, 2020
Social Changes Outside Philippines During 19th Century in the Light of Rizal’s Life
The World in Rizal’s Time Political Changes Alferez, Alain Jared Aquino, Angelica Atienza, Aldrin Baluyot, Rencie Bernabe, Venzerie Rose Lomibao, Justine 2CA1 1801 The Act of Union, a legislative agreement which united Ireland and Great Britain (England and Scotland) was enacted on January 1, 1801. On 1798, the Irish Rebellion brought the Irish question to the attention of the British Cabinet, and British Prime Minister, William Pitt, was convinced that the best solution was a union. The 1799 proposal met strong opposition from a number of members and was rejected by majority of the Irish parliament. However, the government pursued in changing the opposition’s view. During the 1800 session of the parliament, the Act of Union was finally passed. In relation to Rizal Rizal crafted a large number of writings that changed many lives of people not only in the Philippines but also in many parts of the world. And one of Rizal’s greatest works, published on the early time of Spanish colonization of the Philippines, is his annotation of Antonio Morga’s â€Å"Successo de las Islas Filipinas†. Dr. Jose Rizal reprinted in Paris Morga’s â€Å"Successo de las Islas Filipinas†with his annotation. It described the history of the Philippines before the Spanish period. Rizal had shown through this work of his that the Filipinos had a civilization worthy to be proud of even long before the Spaniards came the country. 1816 The American Colonization Society was created in an effort to resettle blacks and newly freed slaves. What is ACS? What does it do? Why is it created? What was the issue with the blacks and slaves? Where? When? Who? How? The American Colonization Society (in full, The Society for the Colonization of Free People of Color of America), founded in 1816, was the primary vehicle to support the â€Å"return†of free African Americans to what was considered greater freedom in Africa. It helped to found the colony of Liberia in 1821–22 as a place for freedmen. Its founders were Henry Clay, John Randolph, and Richard Bland Lee. The colonization effort resulted from a mixture of motives. Free blacks, freedmen and their descendants, encountered widespread discrimination in the United States of the early 19th century. In relation to Rizal Rizal evidently disliked the discrimination of rights between black and white. What event? When? Where? How did he show his opposition to discrimination? Any writings? What did he do for the blacks and the slaves? 1837 Queen Victoria becomes Queen at the age of 18. Britain managed to build a huge empire during the Victorian period. It was also a time of tremendous change in the lives of British people. In 1837, most people lived in villages and worked on the land, by 1901, most lived in towns and worked in officers, shops, and factories. In relation to Rizal Rizal arrived in London and in Liverpool on May 24, 1888. For a short time, he stayed as a guest of Dr. Antonio Regidor, an exile and a practising lawyer. By the end of May, he transferred to a new boarding house ran by the Breckett Family. It was here that Rizal met Gertrude Breckett, a true-blooded English woman. Her case with Rizal was quite different from others because it was one-way. She showed sign of being very much in love with our hero. 1861 Criminal Law Coordination Act reduced the number of capital crimes to four: Murder, High Treason, Arson and Piracy. After 1861 capital punishment was only retained for 4 crimes, murder, piracy, arson in the Royal Dockyards and high treason In which country? England, Britain Why was CLCA reduced into four capital crimes? Why were they chosen? More details. In relation to Rizal Rizal was accused of Treason. (Accused as leader of Katipunan/ rebellion) Meaning of Treason betrayal of one's own country by waging war against it or by consciously or purposely acting to aid its enemies. Why was Rizal guilty with treason? What did he do? When? Where? His writings had helped inspire the Philippine Revolution against colonial rule. For 4 years Rizal remained in exile in Dapitan, where he practiced ophthalmology, built a school and waterworks, planned town improvements, wrote, and carried out scientific experiments. Then he successfully petitioned the Spanish government to join the Spanish army in Cuba as a surgeon; but on his way to Spain to enlist, the Philippine revolution broke out, and Rizal was returned from Spain, imprisoned, and tried for false charges of treason and complicity with the revolution. Connect to Rizal’s martyrdom. His enemies in the government and Church were operating behind the scenes, and he was convicted. The day before he was executed he wrote to a friend: â€Å"I am innocent of the crime of rebellion. So I am going to die with a tranquil conscience. †1868 Queen Isabella was dethroned and replaced by Miguel Carlos dela Torre In relation to Rizal This happened in Spain (Conservatives wanted a queen as monarch) Why would the queen be dethroned by the general? In relation to Rizal Miguel Carlos dela Torre gave way to Liberalism and freedom of speech. Element in Spanish society liberals, reformists (dela Torre) created a Republic Separated state from church. Elected, not appointed. 1869 Suez Canal was opened to the world after 10 years of construction. With collaboration with the French How much time does Suez Canal save? (saved time and effort, goods are transported) (Pwede ata ito sa relation) Everything was transported including IDEAS wherever people go. Ideas from Europe will enter Philippines because of Suez Canal In relation to Rizal Rizal passed through the Suez Canal when he was on his way to the City of Naples. 1874 Former Spanish General Manuel Pavia y Rodriguez dies at Madrid, January 4 at age 67, having ended Spain’s first republic by his coup d’etat of January 1874. More details In relation to Rizal From Barcelona, Rizal moved to Madrid, the capital city of Spain. On November 3, 1882, he enrolled in Medicine and Philosophy and Letters in the Universidad Central de Madrid. He also studies painting and sculpture in the Academy of Arts and took lessons in French, German and English. http://www. capitalpunishmentuk. org/hanging1. html http://legal-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/treason http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/American_Colonization_Society
Thursday, January 9, 2020
Obesity The Obesity Epidemic - 1711 Words
The obesity epidemic has now become one of the most pressing issues of our time. In fact, the World Health Organization (WHO) said â€Å"...obesity has more than doubled worldwide since 1980. In 2014, more than 1.9 billion adults (39 percent of Earth’s adult population) were overweight. That includes 600 million who were obese†(Kiener 2015). In the United States, slightly more than one third of adults are obese (FRAC 2016), and obesity-related deaths make up 18% of all deaths, which is now more than three times more prevalent than once estimated (Fox 2013). For most of its history, however, many have misinterpreted obesity as a lifestyle problem that effect only â€Å"lazy†individuals when the opposite is true. Obesity is an issue that goes beyond†¦show more content†¦In addition, children who live with parents who have less than 12 years of education,have an obesity rate of 3.1 times higher (30.4%), compared to children whose parents have college degr ees (9.5%); this goes along with children living below the poverty level having an obesity rate 2.7 times higher than children that live above it (State of Obesity). Overall, children who live in low-income communities are 20-60% more likely to be either overweight or obese than children who live in higher socioeconomic status and healthier environments (State of Obesity). Of the 50 states in this country, research has shown that nine of the ten most obese states are located in the South (Frohlich and Peters 2016). Mississippi was found to have the nation’s highest obesity rate, 35.3%, compared to the nation’s state with the lowest obesity rate Colorado, 20.1% (Frohlich and Peters 2016). Researchers found that the reason for this is because, â€Å"the increase in illness and hospitalizations drives up healthcare costs both for individuals and for health systems†(Frohlich and Peters 2016). In fact, there is a shown correlation between states with higher obesity rates and the states with the highest healthcare costs: Louisiana, the country’s second most obese state, leads the nation in annual healthcare costs whereas Colorado, the country’s least obese state, has the lowest healthcare costs in the country, thus making it easier for peopleShow MoreRelatedThe Obesity Epidemic Of Obesity1133 Words  | 5 PagesObesity has always been a topic that many have had due to the increase attention it has received. Across America, there has been a lot of attention on the obesity epidemic. In America and the inner cities, more people are eating meals away from home in addition to consuming larger portions from fast food restaurants. At this rate, gaining weight is the likely outcome. High energy dense food has become convenient and affordable. Fast food is almost everywhere in America and, contributes to the growingRead MoreObesity : The Obesity Epidemic1509 Words  | 7 PagesThe Obesity Epidemic What is obesity? According to the Health Reference Center Academic, â€Å"Obesity is a clinical condition characterized by an excess of body fat†. Obesity causes serious and life-threatening diseases. Obesity can be calculated using the BMI or Body mass index. The higher the BMI the more obese a person is considered. More than 1 third of the population in the US is obese. Medical costs for treating obesity were estimated at $147 billion in 2008. Non-Hispanic black and Mexican AmericanRead MoreThe Obesity Epidemic Of Obesity967 Words  | 4 Pagesthe issue. There has been substantial encouragement, which has pressured governments and politicians to implement restrictions on the publicising of unhealthy foods, particularly those targeting children. 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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says, â€Å"Obesity hasRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Obesity And Obesity1319 Words  | 6 Pages There’s an appalling epidemic in today’s society sweeping across not only the United States, but all across the globe. This horrible epidemic isn’t the bird flu, or any type of sickness, rather obesity. Today, obesity rates are at an all time high in America. This disease, obesity, is being passed down the family both genetically, and by the terrible eating habits developing in the US. Kids growing up in this generation are facing frightening issues such as increased risk of heart disease, diabetesRead MoreThe Obesity Epidemic Of Obesity Essay1503 Words  | 7 PagesIntroduction Obesity is becoming an outrageous and alarming health issue in today’s society. Children are rapidly getting engulfed by this pandemic every day. According to the book Public Health 101: Health People-Healthy Populations, pandemic can be defined as, â€Å"An epidemic occurring worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries and affecting a large number of people†(Riegelman, Kirkwood, 2015). The World Health Organization estimates that 43 million children worldwideRead MoreObesity Epidemic : Obesity And Obesity1634 Words  | 7 Pagesfrom 7% in 1980 to nearly 18% in 2012†(cdc.gov). Subsequently, the obesity epidemic has continued to increase over the past few years in the United States. There are many different aspects that have contributed to the obesity epidemic. For example, many people today choose to be convenient instead of eating healthy, which results in the consummation of processed foods. Processed foods have a significant effe ct on the risk of obesity. With a current society always on the go, adults and children haveRead MoreThe Obesity Epidemic Of Obesity2053 Words  | 9 Pagesrise in obesity has reached global epidemic proportions (World Health Organisation (WHO), 2015). Obesity is defined as an â€Å"abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health.†Body Mass Index (BMI) is a common tool used to measure a person s weight in kilograms divided by their height in meters squared (kg/m2) (WHO, 2015). An individual with a BMI greater than or equal to 30 is considered clinically obese (WHO, 2015). However this may not be the most valid way of measuring obesity as it
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