Is the Death Penalty Considered Murder

If one person knowingly captures another and intentionally ends that persons life, then its murder. No question. It doesnt matter why the perpetrator did it, or what the victim did prior to his or her death. Its still murder.   Is It Murder When the Government Does It? Merriam-Webster defines murder as the unlawful premeditated killing of one human being by another. The death penalty is indeed premeditated, and it is indeed the killing of a human person. These two facts are indisputable. But its lawful, and its not the only example of the lawful, premeditated killing of a human person. Many military actions, for example, fall into this category. We send soldiers out to kill, but most of us dont call them murderers — even when the killing is part of a strategic attack, and not a form of self-defense. The killings that soldiers perform in the line of duty are classified as human kills, but they are not classified as murder. Why is that? Because the majority of us have agreed to give the government conditional power to kill with our permission. We elect the civilian leaders who order executions and create the conditions for military killings. This means that we can hold no single person or identifiable group of persons responsible for such deaths — we are all, in a sense, accomplices. The Rules of Society Maybe we should consider the death penalty murder — but murder, like all crimes, is a breach of the social code, a breach of the rules upon which our society has more or less agreed. As long as we elect civilian representatives to impose the death penalty, its very difficult for us to say that it constitutes murder in any commonly used sense of the word.

Essay Race and Racism in Othello - 1793 Words

In What Way Would A Modern Audience React To The Way Race And Racism Is Portrayed In Othello? In the Sixteenth century, as we see clearly from Othello and other works of both Shakespeare and Cinthios original version of Othello, race was a topic of great debate and discussion. Today, in the twenty-first century the debate retains its controversy and passion. However, attitudes towards race have taken a dramatic turn during the last century. In the developed world people are now living in an increasingly cosmopolitan society would undoubtedly be more tolerant and would reject or even be offended by racial discrimination to any person or sections of the community. Openly racist people today are seen as outcasts. Taking this into†¦show more content†¦On the face of it, Othello seems to be the tragic hero of the play. However, it can be argued that Othello is shown to be a proud man who eventually becomes a beast, a murderer and hence in a way fulfils the prejudices with which his enemies brand him. They also argue that Othello is portrayed as devious because he steals D esdemona from Barbantio and then announces he has a clear conscience, ...I must be found, My parts, my title and my perfect soul. On the subject of whether Othello becomes a beast and a murderer, some critics suggest that Shakespeare is promoting racial stereotypes because it is shown in Othello how, The stuff of which he (Othello) is made begins to deteriorate and show itself unfit. Some would also argue that a person cannot be manipulated so quickly and be so naà ¯ve as to fall for Iagos plot so quickly as Othello does in Act4, Scene 1. Before this scene Othello lets it known that, I do not think but Desdemonas honest. But after only being presented with a handkerchief as evidence and a few words of opinion from Iago he is requesting from Iago, Get me some poison... But most brutal of all is the way he kills his supposed beloved. The scene is intensely emotional as Desdemona asks, (in fear and tears as performed in the most recent R.S.C production directed by EdwardShow MoreRelatedWhat Way Would A Modern Audience React To The Way Race And Racism Is Portrayed In Othello?1725 Words   |  7 PagesIn the Sixteenth century, as we see clearly from Othello and other works of both Shakespeare and Cinthios original version of Othello, race was a topic of great debate and discussion. Today, in the twenty-first century the debate retains its controversy and passion. However, attitudes towards race have taken a dramatic turn during the last century. In the developed world people are now living in an increasingly cosmopolitan society would undoubtedly be more tolerant and would reject or even be offendedRead More Racism in William Shakespeares Othello Essay1059 Words   |  5 PagesRacism in William Shakespeares Othello The play, Othello, is certainly, in part, the tragedy of racism. Examples of racism are common throughout the dialog. This racism is directed toward Othello, a brave soldier from Africa and currently supreme commander of the Venetian army. Nearly every character uses a racial slur to insult Othello at one point in the play. Even Emilia sinks to the level of insulting Othello based on the color of his skin. The character that most commonly makes racistRead MoreRacism in Othello by William Shakespeare Essay1235 Words   |  5 Pagesabout how much Othello’s race and the racism around him affected his life? Othello struggled a lot during the play because of his dark skin color. He was called several racist names like â€Å"the Moor,† â€Å"old black ram,† â€Å"Barbary horse,† and â€Å"thick lips† (Shakespeare 1.1.40; 1.1.88; 1.1.111; 1.1.66).The term â€Å"racism† has been around for several years; it started in the twentieth century (Bar tels 433). By the way the Elizabethan era viewed black people was similar to how racism is today with all of theRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1140 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Othello† is a play written by William Shakespeare in 1603. In this play, Shakespeare features three major characters: Othello, Iago, and Desdemona. Othello, a black man, and Desdemona, a white venetian secretly eloped in the play. Iago shows racism and prejudice towards their relationship because of their skin colors. In the play, Iago says: â€Å"Even now, now, very now, an old black ram is tupping your white ewe. Arise, arise! Awake the snorting citizens with the bell, or else the devil will make aRead MoreRacism By William Shakespeare s Othello1277 Words   |  6 PagesRacism in Othello William Shakespeare wrote Othello during the wars between Venice and Turkey dating back to the sixteenth century. On November 1, 1604, Othello was performed for the first time by King’s men at the court of King James I. Race is one aspect that affects people’s lives. â€Å"Racism rejects mankind and a means of legalizing diversity† (Mutlu 135). With traces of racism, Shakespeare portrays the story of a general and his wife. From the beginning of Othello, there is a coordination ofRead MoreDifferences Between Film And Othello1503 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the years the play Othello by William Shakespeare has been adapted both on the screen and on stage many times. The questions or race and racism that have quite often been a point of discussion with William Shakespeare’s play Othello can be seen through the bard, however some may argue that Othello’s skin colour was purely a plot device. This paper will look at two film that have been re-made since the 1960’s, which provides an analysis of the concept of race and how political ideas and eventsRead MoreRacism By William Shakespeare s Othello1197 Words   |  5 Pagescentury, many scientists supported the belief that the human race could be categorized into different ethnic groups. Racism is generally defined as discrimination, prejudice, or antagonism directed against an individual(s) of a different race or ethnicity based on a certain belief. Every society that once lived on this Earth has essentially been affected by this global issue. Racism has been one of the most malicious aspects of the human race since the very beginning of history, and is still a topicRead MoreRacism In Othello Analysis829 Words   |  4 Pagesof Racism in Othello.† Shakespeare Quarterly, vol. 44, no. 3, Oct. 1993, p. 304. In this article, the author relates the idea of primal scene to racism in â€Å"Othello†. Primal scene is a psychoanalysis theory by Sigmund Freud. This theory claims once a child imagines or sees their parents having sexual relations they will be unable to repress this image from reappearing in their mind. The author relates this theory to the play â€Å"Othello† byRead MoreEssay about Racism and Cultural Differences Exposed in Othello1322 Words   |  6 Pages Othello, from the onset, is shown to us a play of love and jealousy. There is however more to this play than just love and jealousy; there is underlying racism, hate, deception, pride, and even sexism between these pages. Othello is a transcendent play, one that will survive the perils of time simply because it is still relevant. Even today, over 400 years later, there are still issues of racism and sexism. Hate is as natural as love in humans and Othello gets right to the root of that. WeRead MoreOthello Reflects the Context and Values of its Time Essay1342 Words   |  6 Pagesvalues of their times. Within Shakespeare’s Othello and Geoffrey Sax’s appropriation of Othello, the evolution of the attitudes held by Elizabethan audiences and those held by contemporary audiences can be seen through the context of the female coupled with the context of racism. The role of the female has developed from being submissive and â€Å"obedient† in the Elizabethan era to being independent and liberated within the contemporary setting. T he racism of the first text is overtly xenophobic and

Random Walks for P2P Resource Discovery in Grids Free Essays

string(85) " early informations questioning each K \? _ indiscriminately selected storage nodes\." Random Walks for P2P Resource Discovery in Grids Abstraction: Peer-to-peer ( P2P ) resource locale methods in grid agreements have been soon investigated to achieve scalability, dependability, efficiency, fault-tolerance, protection, and hardiness. Query declaration for detecting resources and advise informations on their ain resource rank in these agreements can be inattentive as the reverse of allowing one equal to achieve a unconditioned think of Earth informations described on all equals of a P2P unstructured web. In this paper, the agreement is embodied as a set of nodes related to organize a P2P web whereas every individual node holds a piece of informations that is needed to be communicated to all the participants. We will write a custom essay sample on Random Walks for P2P Resource Discovery in Grids or any similar topic only for you Order Now Furthermore, we accept that the informations can vibrantly alter and that every individual equal sporadically needs to admission the benefits of the informations of all auxiliary equals. A fresh manner established on a changeless flow of use packages exchanged amid the nodes using the random amble rule and rateless cryptography is proposed. An advanced rateless decrypting mechanism that is able to get by aboard asynchronous informations updates is to boot proposed. The presentation of the counseled agreement is assessed both analytically and by experimentation by simulation. The analytical wake show that the counseled scheme warrants speedy diffusion of the informations and graduated tables good to colossal webs. Simulations display that the method is competent to boot in attending of web and information kineticss. debut PEER-TO-PEER ( P2P ) resource locale methods in grid agreements have been investigated to achieve scalability, dependability, efficiency, fault-tolerance, protection, and robustness.To this conclude, structured, unstructured, and intercrossed P2P agreements have been believed and the comparative virtues and drawbacks have been highlighted [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] . Countless propositions working unstructured P2P agreements apportion a public feature: Grid nodes inside one official country sporadically query for detecting resources and advise informations on their ain resource rank across one or excess interface equals. The interface equals ( normally those alongside the biggest capacity ) frolic two chief functions: they are related to auxiliary interface peersforming a P2P unstructured web that is utilised to onward ( and reply to ) questions on the behalf of nodes in its official sphere. They amass and uphold informations of all nodes in the innate functionary domain.Query declaration in thes e agreements can be inattentive as the reverse of allowing one equal to achieve a unconditioned think of Earth informations described on all equals of a P2P unstructured web. In peculiar, we accept that every individual equal holds a piece of informations ( the sum resource ranks of all nodes in its official sphere ) and that each equal needs to admission the benefits of the informations of all auxiliary equals sporadically at rate _ queries=sec. The purposes to be attained are treble: early, one wants to assure that every individual node is likely to accumulate the finished Earth informations in a timely manner. Furthermore, the contact operating expense have to be retained every bit manipulated as likely to besiege cloging the web. Finally, the processing use of every individual node have to be utilised parsimoniously. Related work: The reverse of informations meeting in distributed agreements has been confronted aboard infinite disparate instruments and approaches.A early category of methods are those established on probabilistic gossipmongering [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] . Probabilistic gossipmongering has been utilized both to calculate a intent of the Earth informations, e.g. , norms, and to truly range innate informations across a web as in our scenes even though such methods rely on a set of premises that are tough to assure in exercising [ 5 ] . Noteworthy enterprises to beat a small of these restrictions in the span of epidemic airing are [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] that effect in close to optimal latency-bandwidth trade-of. In peculiar, [ 6 ] utilizations flow use on the maximal rate at that a member can show updates missing crafting a backlog and devises content rapprochement mechanisms to cut memo redundancy. In [ 7 ] , [ 8 ] , [ 9 ] , [ 10 ] exploitation/ execution of topological belongingss of the web are counseled to heighte n the presentation of the informations airing procedure. Algebraic Gossip, counseled in, is the early algorithm turn toing informations meeting alongside web cryptography. In this paper a chitchat algorithm established on NC is gave, and it is proved that the spreading period of this algorithm is O?K? , whereK A ; lt ; Nis the figure of nodes possessing a small information to distribute. This algorithm is highly comparable to classical North carolina: at every individual transmittal chance, every individual node sends to one more node a additive combination, computed in Galois Earth GF?q? alongside q _ K, of the beforehand consented packages. However, NC exhibits a elevated computational elaborateness [ 12 ] , due to the monetary value of the cryptography and decryption processs gave in high-order GF. Furthermore, every individual package demands cushioning of auxiliary Klog2?q? A ; gt ; Klog2?K? spots. Such embroidering bends to be impossible for colossal webs ; as an illustration, if K ? 1 ; 000 every individual package needs excess than 104 embroidering spots. Finally, the writers advocate that the memo size m ought to scale alongside the size of the web, as it is needed that m _ log?q? . A disparate manner is to hive away and craft packages using rateless codifications. In [ 13 ] distributed fountain codifications are counseled for networked storage. To craft a new encoded package, every individual storage node asks informations to a indiscriminately selected node of the web. The receiving system replies to the company despatching its informations, that will be utilized by the company to encode a new package. A comparable algorithm is counseled in [ 14 ] , whereas the coded package formation mechanism is reversed ; in this instance, the nodes that shops the informations despatch random Walkers embracing the information. The storage nodes store this information and trade encoded packages XORing a small of the informations they by now received. At the conclude of the process, every individual storage node shops an encoded package, and it is likely to repossess the early informations questioning each K ? _ indiscriminately selected storage nodes. You read "Random Walks for P2P Resource Discovery in Grids" in category "Essay examples" Development codifications, counseled in [ 15 ] , utilize a comparable method but advocate a peculiar grade allotment for th e rateless codifications to maximise the informations continuity in attending of a lone information aggregator node. In all the beforehand gave documents, the construct of the codifications is node-centric, i.e. , the nodes cope alongside the informations meeting and the encoding operations this duty is allocated to the packages. The mark of this work is to utilize peculiar random Walkers, shouted as rateless packages, for distributed storage of informations in WSN. Every individual node creates a precise figure of ratelesspackets, that are chiefly empty packages that excursion across the web as random Walkers. The purpose in [ 16 ] is to utilize packages encoded in a distributed manner that will be stored at random locations in the web to maximise informations continuity in the WSN. Every individual rateless package is associated alongside a grade selected prosecuting the mean Luby Change ( LT ) grade allotment, and T, the blending period of the graph, is conjectural to be known. Every individual rateless package performs a random amble across the web and a fresh information is joined simply after every individual T hops ; after a new information is added the package grade is decreased by one. After the grade becomes zero, the rateless package performs t auxiliary hops to hit the node that will hive away it. Though, the focal point of the paper is to lift informations continuity ; the period needed for the allotment of the rateless packages is non studied. PROPOSED Work In this paper we ideal the interface equals of a Grid agreement and the connexions amid them as a graph G?V ; E? , whereas V and E are the set of interface equals and boundary lines associating them, severally. Every individual node of the web is exceptionally recognized by an identifier ID. The ID can be allocated by a fixed rendezvous node, e.g. , a tracker, or can be embodied by the IP, haven reference of the node. Every individual node vj 2 V owns an m-bits informations ten tjvj, whereas tj is a time-stamp or an whole number that is incremented every individual period the informations in vj alterations. To clarify the notation in the remainder of the paper we accept that vj coincides alongside the ID of node ; tj is usually denoted to as the creative activity figure. In our scenes a node can advise its informations asynchronously alongside regard to the remainder of the web, lifting the creative activity associated alongside the information. The purpose of nodes is to discourse aboard one one more the corresponding informations, so as to grok a coincident screening of all the informations amassed by all the nodes in the web. This have to be completed indefinitely often at an arbitrary rate _ by every individual node. This observation Torahs out each centralised declaration whereas all nodes study to a public monitoring node, that in spiral have to propagate the amassed informations to all the participants. This manner is clearly impossible because it imposes a immense figure of traffic to and from the monitoring node, non to note the topics connected to the ballot and exposure of a centralised sink Therefore, in this paper we advocate a to the full distributed declaration established on random walks. Every individual node is allowed to onset a manipulated figure tungsten of packages that are the random Walkers propagating the information in the web. The parametric quantity w clearly permits one to manipulation the figure of traffic inoculated in the web. On every individual response by a node, the package is forwarded to a random familiarity hence groking a easy signifier of probabilistic gossipmongering. It is good recognized that web coding declarations, e.g. , hold oning additive combinations of the amassed information, increases the presentation in words of throughput, hardiness and continuity. On the auxiliary manus, coding ways display two chief defects. The early and most erudite topic is embodied by the added computational complexness. A likely declaration that has by now been counseled in the plants is to clarify the early random web coding manner, that needs one to fa ll in the information blocks in elevated order Galois Field, alongside agreements established on easy binary combinations, e.g. , XOR. Our work headers alongside the elaborateness capable using a easy category of rateless codifications, recognized as Luby Change codes [ 19 ] . The subsequent most relevant defect of NC is embodied the unlikeliness for a node to advise asynchronously the informations it merges missing calamitously impacting on the decryption accomplishment of all the auxiliary nodes. Indeed, the nodes retain roll uping additive combinations of a set of terra incognitas till they prosperously invert the corresponding agreement of equations. Clearly, the agreement of additive equations is meaningful if one keeps fall ining the similar information. On the contrary, in this paper we advocate a fresh decryption manner for LT codifications that is resilient to asynchronous accommodations of the information. In decision, we allow every individual node propagate a fixed figur e of packages hold oning coded informations of the nodes that the packages have hit giving a random amble aboard G?V ; E? . All the nodes use the consented packages to decide a agreement of additive equations allowing them to repossess the informations associated alongside all the informations collected by the web in a timely, finished and robust way.In the prosecuting the characteristics of the counseled random amble coding scheme and the design of the fresh LT decryption algorithm are presented. This estimate might be computed by the nodes spoting the IDs of the nodes encompassed in the beforehand consented equations. To get by alongside the construct of the equation harmonizing to the RSD, every individual package carries in the heading part the indicating of the grade dF that have to be attained by the equation below formation in the package ( that in our scenes is the early equation composed in the package organic structure signifier left to compensate ) . After a node vj at creative activity tj receives a package, it checks if the grade of the early equation stored in the package has grasped the demanded grade. If dF A ; gt ; d1, and therefore the mark grade has non been grasped yet, the node performs three operations: it XORs its informations to the word c1, i.e. , c1 ? c1 _ Next the degree d1 of the equation is incremented and the corresponding Earth in the package updated. Finally, the node vj and the information timestamp tj are appended to the equation. On the auxiliary manus, if dF ? d1, the early equation has by now attained the demanded grade, therefore a new equation is crafted and stored as the new early equation, as the auxiliary equations are advanced, for example, eqi becomes eqi?1 for I ? 1. . . k. To craft a new equation eq1 a node draws a random grade from RSD and shops it in the dF Earth of the package heading. Following d1 ? 1 is set, its vj, its existent timestamp tj and informations c1 ? x tj vj are composed in the proper Fieldss. Every individual package crafted or notified by a node is following forwarded to one more node, indiscriminately selected amid the innate neighbours. The figure of hops globally seized by a package is non manipulated in our system. The merely restriction is embodied by the maximal package size DIM, that is normally imposed by the maximal transportation component allowed by the implicit in contact cognition at the physical bed. After a package ways the maximal dimension DIM, the eldest equation grasped by it is deleted as it is highly likely to keep aged or by now recognized information. 3.1Random Walk LT Coding In instance of a vivacious web, whereas nodes can randomly nexus and go the graph G?V ; E? and/or in attending of undependable links that coil into package lickings, a mechanism to admit the attending of a given package in the web have to be devised. As an illustration, an acknowledgement timer ( a Time-to-Live field ) and the reference of the conceiver can be added to the message. As usual, The acknowledgement timer Earth is initialized to a steady worth on the package construct, following every individual node decreases it on every individual hop. After the acknowledgement timer reaches 0 the consenting node acknowledges the conceiver that its random Walker is yet alive. The accepting node to boot resets the acknowledgement timer to the early value. The conceiver of the package uses a timer to detect package losingss ; after a timer expires beforehand the response of the corresponding recognition memo the node is allowed to renew the package. 3.2 ASYNCHRONOUS LT Decoding: The information scope by the random Walkers can be recouped by each node in the web every bit rapidly as the figure of equations needed to show an LT decryption algorithm has been collected. As our purpose is to retrace the information every bit fleetly as likely, all the equations grasped by every individual package, embracing the 1s that are yet in advancement, are buffered by every individual node. If we accept that the figure of nodes jV J in the web is equal to N, the decipherer undertaking can be formulated as the declaration of the agreement of additive equations Gx ? c whereas G is an N _ N binary1 matrix whose lines embody the N likely independent equations amassed by the node, x and degree Celsiuss are N _ 1 column vectors stand foring the N unfamiliar pieces of informations and the corresponding buffered additive combinations grasped by the packages warheads. Both x and hundred encompass m-bit elements. The node can reimburse all the informations x using a progressive sign ifier of Gaussian Elimination to decide the system. Clearly, this will necessitate all the nodes in the web to retain their informations sweetheart to besiege unhinging the declaration of the system. Consequences and execution In this helping we furnish anscutiny of the period needed to run all the innate informations to all the members in the web, that in the pursuing is described as recovery clip. In peculiar, we are interested in patterning the recovery period as a intent of the size of the innate informations m, the figure of random Walkers generated each node tungsten and figure of nodes in the web N, given the restraint on the maximal size of the random amble packages DIM. Furthermore, the counseled analytical ideal licenses to difference the coded manner versus an correspondent agreement missing cryptography, i.e. , after the information is gossiped explicitly. In fact, the counseled manner degenerates into an uncoded agreement if one img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1687614.001.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1687614.002.png"/ Decision: In this paper we have shown that the present progresss in rateless cryptography and decryption can be lucratively exploited to carry through a robust and timely P2P resource venue method in Grid systems. The chief freshness of the counseled manner lies in the usage of web coding rules in a scenario whereas innate informations can be notified asynchronously. Furthermore, as challenged to a small signifiers of distributed storage counseled in the plants, our proposition realizes a changeless notify of the Earth informations across the finished distributed agreement, as maintaining the figure of traffic below control. From the algorithmic point of think, the chief part is embodied by the design of a fresh decipherer for rateless codifications that is robust to asynchronous updates of the information. One more interesting effect that we attained is the advancement of a easy analytical ideal for the appraisal of the period needed to run the information as a intent of the web and informati on sizes, given a restraint on the MTU allowed by the gettable transmittal protocol. Such a ideal can be exploited for the appraisal of the presentation and for the choice of a small critical parametric quantities of the system. The analytical wake show that the counseled coded manner reduces the period needed to discourse all the informations aboard respect to an correspondent system missing coding. Furthermore we clarify that such addition additions alongside the size of the informations to be scope, or analogously after the MTU shall be highly limited. One more paramount effect is that the encoded agreement graduated tables larger than the uncoded 1 after the figure of nodes in the distributed agreement additions. RoentgenEFERENCES [ 1 ] P. Trunfio, D. Talia, H. Papadakis, P. Fragopoulou, M. Mordacchini, M. Pennanen, K. Popov, V. Vlassov, and S. Haridi, â€Å"Peer-to-Peer Resource Discovery in Grids: Models and Systems, † Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 864-878, 2007. [ 2 ] V. Vijayakumar, R.S. WahidaBanu, and J.H. Abawajy, â€Å"An Efficient Approach Based on Trust and Reputation for Secured Selection of Grid Resources, † Int’l J. Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 1-17, 2012. [ 3 ] A. Kermarrec, L. Massouli_e, and A. Ganesh, â€Å"Probabilistic Reliable Dissemination in Large-scale Systems, † IEEE Trans. Parallel and Distributed Systems, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 248-258, Mar. 2003. [ 4 ] M. Jelasity, A. Montresor, and O. Babaoglu, â€Å"Gossip-Based Aggregation in Large Dynamic Networks, † ACM Trans. Computer Systems, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 219-252, Aug. 2005. [ 5 ] L. Alvisi, et al. , â€Å"How Robust are Gossip-Based Communication Protocols? †Operating Systems Rev. , vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 14-18, Oct. 2007. [ 6 ] R. new wave Renesse, D. Dumitriu, V. Gough, and C. Thomas, â€Å"Efficient Reconciliation and Flow Control for Anti-Entropy Protocols, † Proc. Second Workshop Large-Scale Distributed Systems and Middleware ( LADIS ’08 ) , 2008. [ 7 ] N. Carvalho, J. Pereira, R. Oliveira, and L. Rodrigues, â€Å"Emergent Structure in Unstructured Epidemic Multicast, † Proc. 37th Ann. IEEE/IFIP Int’l Conf. Reliable Systems and Networks ( DSN ’07 ) , pp. 481-490, 2007. [ 8 ] J. Leitao, J. Pereira, and L. Rodrigues, â€Å"Hyparview: A Membership Protocol for Reliable Gossip-Based Broadcast, † Proc. 37th Ann. IEEE/IFIP Int’l Conf. Reliable Systems and Networks ( DSN ’07 ) , pp. 419-429, 2007. How to cite Random Walks for P2P Resource Discovery in Grids, Essay examples

Major Issue In All Levels Of Organization †Myasssigmenthelp.Com

Question: What Is The Major Topical Issue In All Levels Of Organization? Answer: Introduction In the recent decades, effective leadership has emerged to be a major topical issue in all levels of organization due to the critical part that leadership plays towards the success of an organization. Due to the critical role of leadership, it is important for the one in leadership position to possess self-awareness regarding his leadership strengths and weaknesses. To facilitate this process, have been developed several tools for leaders to carry out self-assessment. Some of these tools include Leadership self-assessment Personal Style Inventory, Credibility Assessment, and Leadership Assessment Team Leadership Styles Profile. This paper is going to provide an analysis of my potential as a leader following the results of the three leadership assessment tools above. An explanation of the purpose of the assessment tool Leadership Assessment Team Leadership Styles Profile is based on leadership attributes scale that is used in the leadership curriculum of Monash University. It consists of an 18-item questionnaire, which allows a leader to respond by marketing them on a scale of 1 (Always) to 4 (Never). The purpose of this tool is to assess ones leadership behavior and to determine his or her style of leadership. This tool divides leaders into three categories, for example, autocratic; a leader who focuses on costs and control, collaborative; a leader who is productive and cooperative, and empowering; a leader who demonstrates high involvement with the team and its activities. The second leadership tool is the Credibility Assessment, whose purpose is to provide students with information about their current level of credibility with regards to leadership. It is made up of a 14-item questionnaire that allows one to respond in a scale of 1 to 5, and the scores are used to determine whether a leader possess two major components of credible leadership, which are trust and expertise. The third tool is the Leadership self-assessment Personal Style Inventory, which is made up of a consisting of 32-item questionnaire. The purpose of this tool is to help first line supervisors, manager, and team leaders to carry out their personal inventory based on four dimension. These dimensions are introversion and extroversion, sensing and intuiting, judging and perceiving and thinking and feeling. A discussion about the insights the results provided into your potential as a leader According to the results of Leadership self-assessment Personal Style Inventory, I have a high potential of becoming an effective leader. Based on the first dimension, I am an extrovert due to my characteristics of interacting with others and the ability to understand the external. According to transactional theory of leadership, a good leader should possess effective skills of collaboration and teamwork to steer a team towards success (Turner Mller, 2010). These skills are vital because they enable the leader to develop a skilled and a talented team to achieve the goals and objectives that have been set. Through effective collaboration and teamwork, I can develop a team where members supplement one anothers weaknesses. This is in accordance with the trait-based theory of leadership that states that a good leader influences people through his innate characteristic (Zaccaro, 2007). The results also show that I am a thinker more than a feeler. This shows that I have effective thinking skills, which is vital for successful leadership. As a leader, I am able to make reasonable and well-thought out judgment and express my ideas in a logical manner (French Tracey, 2010). Equally, as a leader I can conceptualize, analyze and synthesize the information that I receive from my subordinates and make appropriate decisions that facilitate the achievement of the set goals and objectives (Elder Paul, 2009). Based on the Credibility Assessment Tool, I lack the sufficient expertise to be a leader; however, I have a high level of trust in my organization. With a score of 25, I have sufficient expertise in my organization, but I need to make significant improvements to become an effective leader. My colleagues view me a subject matter expert and this gives me a high potential of becoming an effective leader within my organization. Based on the traits theory of leadership, one must believe in himself and he should be able to win the trust of his subordinates by demonstrating good qualities of leadership (Goodwin, Lee Whittington, Murray, Nichols, 2011). According to the findings of the Leadership Assessment Team Leadership Styles Profile, I have very minimal potential of being a collaborative frontline winner. The transformational theory of leadership requires that a leader should possess effective skills of collaboration to transform and inspire his team to achieve the set goals and objectives (Riaz Haider, 2010). However, the lack of these skills limits my potential of serving as a good leader due to lack of the ability to transform and inspire my subordinates to embrace teamwork. Despite this, I have effective skills of empowering front line leader, therefore, the ability to get involved in the activities of my organization enables me to inspire my team to success. Besides, my low score on autocratic leadership demonstrate that I have the potential of becoming a good leader who embraces teamwork. This is in accordance to the democratic theory of leadership, which advocates for the involvement and participation of the subordinate s in the decision making process. A comparison and contrast of the results from each self-assessment Similarities The results from all the three assessment tools indicate that I possess effective critical thinking skills. Leadership self-assessment Personal Style Inventory, I am a thinker more than a perceiver. Equally, according to Leadership Assessment Team Leadership Styles Profile, always solve problems as they come. These shows that in have effective analytical skills to make informed decisions to steer my team towards success (Truss, Shantz, Soane, Alfes, Delbridge, 2013). Another similarity between the three tools is that I have characteristics of a collaborative leader. The tools shows that I am an extrovert, I interact with my team members and I engage them in the process of decision-making and in the teams activities to attain the set goals (Pandya, 2014).This is in accordance to the democratic theory of leadership, which advocates for the involvement of the subordinates in the process of decision making (Goodpasture, 2010). This is similar to the findings of Leadership self-assessment Personal Style Inventory which shows that I am an empowering frontline leader who embraces the involvement of others in organizational tasks. Similarly, the Credibility Assessment shows that I have a strong relationship with my team members. Differences The results of Leadership Self-assessment Personal Style Inventory shows that I highly embrace teamwork and collaboration and that I value working with others. This is similar to the results of Credibility Assessment provide contrary results a collaborative leader due to my practice of involving my subordinates in the decision-making process. On the other hand, the results of the Leadership Assessment Team Leadership Styles Profile, which shows that I score very low as a collaborative frontline leader. Therefore, I do not cooperate with my colleagues and these results contradicts the findings of the first two tools. Another difference between the results of the three tools is in my decision-making process. Accounting to Leadership Assessment Team Leadership Styles Profile, I often make instant decisions on my own. This can be understood through the situational/contingency theory of leadership, which advocates for taking contingency measures to address unexpected events within an organization (Peretomode, 2012). On the other hand, the results of Credibility Assessment and the Leadership Self-assessment Personal Style Inventory show that I only make decisions after consulting with my team; a characteristic of a collaborative leader (Coleman MacNicol, 2015). Leadership Styles Concise Analysis Transformational leadership refers a leadership style where the leader works in collaboration with the subordinates to identify the relevant changes, develop a vision and inspire the subordinates to achieve the set goals (Neider Schriesheim, 2011). On the other hand, trait-based leadership is where the leader utilizes his unique inborn character to provide leadership and inspire the subordinates to achieve the set goals and objectives (Yukl, 2010). This section is going to discuss the similarities and differences between these two styles of leadership. Similarities between trait based and transformational leadership With regards the roles, both leadership styles involves having a strong influence on the subordinates (Boerner, Eisenbeiss, Griesser, 2007). According to trait-based theory, a leader is born with certain particular individual features and capabilities that distinguish them from their subordinates. The leader utilizes these special characters to influence their subordinates. Equally, transformational leaders develop a strong vision to inspire their subordinate to work towards it. With regards to behavior, both leadership style entails collaboration and team. It is required that leaders should work together with subordinates and that the whole team should be engaged in the decision-making process and get involved in all organizational activities to ensure organizational success (Northouse, 2016,). With regards to preference, both transformational leaders prefer the development of a vision and inspiring their subordinates to success. Both leaders possess excellent visionary skills and able to formulate effective visions according to the needs of their subordinates. Differences With regards to type, transformational leaders embrace democracy in their leadership process because they need to work with subordinates to identify a change and work towards achieving the desired change (Winkler, 2010). Conversely, trait-based style of leadership tends to embrace autocracy due to their unique characters which command followership even without the will of the followers. Concerning the role of a leader, transformational leaders play the role of motivating their subordinates to towards the achievement of the main goal. Transformational organizational leaders use motivational theories such as Maslows hierarchy of needs to motivate their followers, for instance, they identify the needs of their followers and work towards fulfilling them (Norman, Avolio, Luthans, 2010). On the other hand, trait-based leaders give directions for others to follower without necessarily motivating them. Concerning capabilities, transformation leaders can arouse the emotions of the followers through effective communication skills to lead them towards the achievement of the set organizations goals. According to the transformational leadership theory, effective leadership entails the ability to motivate and inspire your subordinates or team members to attain the set goals according to the needs of the team (Riaz Haider, 2010). Conversely, the trait-based leaders rely on the use of punishment and rewards trigger motivation to their followers to work towards achieving the set goals. In conclusion, both transformational and trait-based leadership share a lot in common, for example, the use of collaboration and inspiring the subordinates. These skills enable them to lead their teams to success. However, they have some differences, for example, while transformational leaders embrace democracy, trait-based leaders tend to be more autocratic in the leadership process. References Coleman, S. MacNicol, D., 2015,Project Leadership, Gower Publishing, Ltd: Farnham, Surrey, UK Burlington, VT. Elder, L. Paul, R., 2009. The Aspiring Thinkers Guide to Critical Thinking. Foundation for Critical Thinking Press: 17, 20, and 44. [Online]. Available at: https://www.criticalthinking.org/ctmodel/logic-model1.htm French, E. Tracey, N., 2010, Critical Thinking and Organization Theory: Embedding a process to encourage graduate capabilities, E-Journal of Business Education Scholarship of Teaching, Vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1-10. 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