Is the Death Penalty Considered Murder

If one person knowingly captures another and intentionally ends that persons life, then its murder. No question. It doesnt matter why the perpetrator did it, or what the victim did prior to his or her death. Its still murder.   Is It Murder When the Government Does It? Merriam-Webster defines murder as the unlawful premeditated killing of one human being by another. The death penalty is indeed premeditated, and it is indeed the killing of a human person. These two facts are indisputable. But its lawful, and its not the only example of the lawful, premeditated killing of a human person. Many military actions, for example, fall into this category. We send soldiers out to kill, but most of us dont call them murderers — even when the killing is part of a strategic attack, and not a form of self-defense. The killings that soldiers perform in the line of duty are classified as human kills, but they are not classified as murder. Why is that? Because the majority of us have agreed to give the government conditional power to kill with our permission. We elect the civilian leaders who order executions and create the conditions for military killings. This means that we can hold no single person or identifiable group of persons responsible for such deaths — we are all, in a sense, accomplices. The Rules of Society Maybe we should consider the death penalty murder — but murder, like all crimes, is a breach of the social code, a breach of the rules upon which our society has more or less agreed. As long as we elect civilian representatives to impose the death penalty, its very difficult for us to say that it constitutes murder in any commonly used sense of the word.

Essay Race and Racism in Othello - 1793 Words

In What Way Would A Modern Audience React To The Way Race And Racism Is Portrayed In Othello? In the Sixteenth century, as we see clearly from Othello and other works of both Shakespeare and Cinthios original version of Othello, race was a topic of great debate and discussion. Today, in the twenty-first century the debate retains its controversy and passion. However, attitudes towards race have taken a dramatic turn during the last century. In the developed world people are now living in an increasingly cosmopolitan society would undoubtedly be more tolerant and would reject or even be offended by racial discrimination to any person or sections of the community. Openly racist people today are seen as outcasts. Taking this into†¦show more content†¦On the face of it, Othello seems to be the tragic hero of the play. However, it can be argued that Othello is shown to be a proud man who eventually becomes a beast, a murderer and hence in a way fulfils the prejudices with which his enemies brand him. They also argue that Othello is portrayed as devious because he steals D esdemona from Barbantio and then announces he has a clear conscience, ...I must be found, My parts, my title and my perfect soul. On the subject of whether Othello becomes a beast and a murderer, some critics suggest that Shakespeare is promoting racial stereotypes because it is shown in Othello how, The stuff of which he (Othello) is made begins to deteriorate and show itself unfit. Some would also argue that a person cannot be manipulated so quickly and be so naà ¯ve as to fall for Iagos plot so quickly as Othello does in Act4, Scene 1. Before this scene Othello lets it known that, I do not think but Desdemonas honest. But after only being presented with a handkerchief as evidence and a few words of opinion from Iago he is requesting from Iago, Get me some poison... But most brutal of all is the way he kills his supposed beloved. The scene is intensely emotional as Desdemona asks, (in fear and tears as performed in the most recent R.S.C production directed by EdwardShow MoreRelatedWhat Way Would A Modern Audience React To The Way Race And Racism Is Portrayed In Othello?1725 Words   |  7 PagesIn the Sixteenth century, as we see clearly from Othello and other works of both Shakespeare and Cinthios original version of Othello, race was a topic of great debate and discussion. Today, in the twenty-first century the debate retains its controversy and passion. However, attitudes towards race have taken a dramatic turn during the last century. In the developed world people are now living in an increasingly cosmopolitan society would undoubtedly be more tolerant and would reject or even be offendedRead More Racism in William Shakespeares Othello Essay1059 Words   |  5 PagesRacism in William Shakespeares Othello The play, Othello, is certainly, in part, the tragedy of racism. Examples of racism are common throughout the dialog. This racism is directed toward Othello, a brave soldier from Africa and currently supreme commander of the Venetian army. Nearly every character uses a racial slur to insult Othello at one point in the play. Even Emilia sinks to the level of insulting Othello based on the color of his skin. The character that most commonly makes racistRead MoreRacism in Othello by William Shakespeare Essay1235 Words   |  5 Pagesabout how much Othello’s race and the racism around him affected his life? Othello struggled a lot during the play because of his dark skin color. He was called several racist names like â€Å"the Moor,† â€Å"old black ram,† â€Å"Barbary horse,† and â€Å"thick lips† (Shakespeare 1.1.40; 1.1.88; 1.1.111; 1.1.66).The term â€Å"racism† has been around for several years; it started in the twentieth century (Bar tels 433). By the way the Elizabethan era viewed black people was similar to how racism is today with all of theRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1140 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Othello† is a play written by William Shakespeare in 1603. In this play, Shakespeare features three major characters: Othello, Iago, and Desdemona. Othello, a black man, and Desdemona, a white venetian secretly eloped in the play. Iago shows racism and prejudice towards their relationship because of their skin colors. In the play, Iago says: â€Å"Even now, now, very now, an old black ram is tupping your white ewe. Arise, arise! Awake the snorting citizens with the bell, or else the devil will make aRead MoreRacism By William Shakespeare s Othello1277 Words   |  6 PagesRacism in Othello William Shakespeare wrote Othello during the wars between Venice and Turkey dating back to the sixteenth century. On November 1, 1604, Othello was performed for the first time by King’s men at the court of King James I. Race is one aspect that affects people’s lives. â€Å"Racism rejects mankind and a means of legalizing diversity† (Mutlu 135). With traces of racism, Shakespeare portrays the story of a general and his wife. From the beginning of Othello, there is a coordination ofRead MoreDifferences Between Film And Othello1503 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the years the play Othello by William Shakespeare has been adapted both on the screen and on stage many times. The questions or race and racism that have quite often been a point of discussion with William Shakespeare’s play Othello can be seen through the bard, however some may argue that Othello’s skin colour was purely a plot device. This paper will look at two film that have been re-made since the 1960’s, which provides an analysis of the concept of race and how political ideas and eventsRead MoreRacism By William Shakespeare s Othello1197 Words   |  5 Pagescentury, many scientists supported the belief that the human race could be categorized into different ethnic groups. Racism is generally defined as discrimination, prejudice, or antagonism directed against an individual(s) of a different race or ethnicity based on a certain belief. Every society that once lived on this Earth has essentially been affected by this global issue. Racism has been one of the most malicious aspects of the human race since the very beginning of history, and is still a topicRead MoreRacism In Othello Analysis829 Words   |  4 Pagesof Racism in Othello.† Shakespeare Quarterly, vol. 44, no. 3, Oct. 1993, p. 304. In this article, the author relates the idea of primal scene to racism in â€Å"Othello†. Primal scene is a psychoanalysis theory by Sigmund Freud. This theory claims once a child imagines or sees their parents having sexual relations they will be unable to repress this image from reappearing in their mind. The author relates this theory to the play â€Å"Othello† byRead MoreEssay about Racism and Cultural Differences Exposed in Othello1322 Words   |  6 Pages Othello, from the onset, is shown to us a play of love and jealousy. There is however more to this play than just love and jealousy; there is underlying racism, hate, deception, pride, and even sexism between these pages. Othello is a transcendent play, one that will survive the perils of time simply because it is still relevant. Even today, over 400 years later, there are still issues of racism and sexism. Hate is as natural as love in humans and Othello gets right to the root of that. WeRead MoreOthello Reflects the Context and Values of its Time Essay1342 Words   |  6 Pagesvalues of their times. Within Shakespeare’s Othello and Geoffrey Sax’s appropriation of Othello, the evolution of the attitudes held by Elizabethan audiences and those held by contemporary audiences can be seen through the context of the female coupled with the context of racism. The role of the female has developed from being submissive and â€Å"obedient† in the Elizabethan era to being independent and liberated within the contemporary setting. T he racism of the first text is overtly xenophobic and

Random Walks for P2P Resource Discovery in Grids Free Essays

string(85) " early informations questioning each K \? _ indiscriminately selected storage nodes\." Random Walks for P2P Resource Discovery in Grids Abstraction: Peer-to-peer ( P2P ) resource locale methods in grid agreements have been soon investigated to achieve scalability, dependability, efficiency, fault-tolerance, protection, and hardiness. Query declaration for detecting resources and advise informations on their ain resource rank in these agreements can be inattentive as the reverse of allowing one equal to achieve a unconditioned think of Earth informations described on all equals of a P2P unstructured web. In this paper, the agreement is embodied as a set of nodes related to organize a P2P web whereas every individual node holds a piece of informations that is needed to be communicated to all the participants. We will write a custom essay sample on Random Walks for P2P Resource Discovery in Grids or any similar topic only for you Order Now Furthermore, we accept that the informations can vibrantly alter and that every individual equal sporadically needs to admission the benefits of the informations of all auxiliary equals. A fresh manner established on a changeless flow of use packages exchanged amid the nodes using the random amble rule and rateless cryptography is proposed. An advanced rateless decrypting mechanism that is able to get by aboard asynchronous informations updates is to boot proposed. The presentation of the counseled agreement is assessed both analytically and by experimentation by simulation. The analytical wake show that the counseled scheme warrants speedy diffusion of the informations and graduated tables good to colossal webs. Simulations display that the method is competent to boot in attending of web and information kineticss. debut PEER-TO-PEER ( P2P ) resource locale methods in grid agreements have been investigated to achieve scalability, dependability, efficiency, fault-tolerance, protection, and robustness.To this conclude, structured, unstructured, and intercrossed P2P agreements have been believed and the comparative virtues and drawbacks have been highlighted [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] . Countless propositions working unstructured P2P agreements apportion a public feature: Grid nodes inside one official country sporadically query for detecting resources and advise informations on their ain resource rank across one or excess interface equals. The interface equals ( normally those alongside the biggest capacity ) frolic two chief functions: they are related to auxiliary interface peersforming a P2P unstructured web that is utilised to onward ( and reply to ) questions on the behalf of nodes in its official sphere. They amass and uphold informations of all nodes in the innate functionary domain.Query declaration in thes e agreements can be inattentive as the reverse of allowing one equal to achieve a unconditioned think of Earth informations described on all equals of a P2P unstructured web. In peculiar, we accept that every individual equal holds a piece of informations ( the sum resource ranks of all nodes in its official sphere ) and that each equal needs to admission the benefits of the informations of all auxiliary equals sporadically at rate _ queries=sec. The purposes to be attained are treble: early, one wants to assure that every individual node is likely to accumulate the finished Earth informations in a timely manner. Furthermore, the contact operating expense have to be retained every bit manipulated as likely to besiege cloging the web. Finally, the processing use of every individual node have to be utilised parsimoniously. Related work: The reverse of informations meeting in distributed agreements has been confronted aboard infinite disparate instruments and approaches.A early category of methods are those established on probabilistic gossipmongering [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] . Probabilistic gossipmongering has been utilized both to calculate a intent of the Earth informations, e.g. , norms, and to truly range innate informations across a web as in our scenes even though such methods rely on a set of premises that are tough to assure in exercising [ 5 ] . Noteworthy enterprises to beat a small of these restrictions in the span of epidemic airing are [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] that effect in close to optimal latency-bandwidth trade-of. In peculiar, [ 6 ] utilizations flow use on the maximal rate at that a member can show updates missing crafting a backlog and devises content rapprochement mechanisms to cut memo redundancy. In [ 7 ] , [ 8 ] , [ 9 ] , [ 10 ] exploitation/ execution of topological belongingss of the web are counseled to heighte n the presentation of the informations airing procedure. Algebraic Gossip, counseled in, is the early algorithm turn toing informations meeting alongside web cryptography. In this paper a chitchat algorithm established on NC is gave, and it is proved that the spreading period of this algorithm is O?K? , whereK A ; lt ; Nis the figure of nodes possessing a small information to distribute. This algorithm is highly comparable to classical North carolina: at every individual transmittal chance, every individual node sends to one more node a additive combination, computed in Galois Earth GF?q? alongside q _ K, of the beforehand consented packages. However, NC exhibits a elevated computational elaborateness [ 12 ] , due to the monetary value of the cryptography and decryption processs gave in high-order GF. Furthermore, every individual package demands cushioning of auxiliary Klog2?q? A ; gt ; Klog2?K? spots. Such embroidering bends to be impossible for colossal webs ; as an illustration, if K ? 1 ; 000 every individual package needs excess than 104 embroidering spots. Finally, the writers advocate that the memo size m ought to scale alongside the size of the web, as it is needed that m _ log?q? . A disparate manner is to hive away and craft packages using rateless codifications. In [ 13 ] distributed fountain codifications are counseled for networked storage. To craft a new encoded package, every individual storage node asks informations to a indiscriminately selected node of the web. The receiving system replies to the company despatching its informations, that will be utilized by the company to encode a new package. A comparable algorithm is counseled in [ 14 ] , whereas the coded package formation mechanism is reversed ; in this instance, the nodes that shops the informations despatch random Walkers embracing the information. The storage nodes store this information and trade encoded packages XORing a small of the informations they by now received. At the conclude of the process, every individual storage node shops an encoded package, and it is likely to repossess the early informations questioning each K ? _ indiscriminately selected storage nodes. You read "Random Walks for P2P Resource Discovery in Grids" in category "Essay examples" Development codifications, counseled in [ 15 ] , utilize a comparable method but advocate a peculiar grade allotment for th e rateless codifications to maximise the informations continuity in attending of a lone information aggregator node. In all the beforehand gave documents, the construct of the codifications is node-centric, i.e. , the nodes cope alongside the informations meeting and the encoding operations this duty is allocated to the packages. The mark of this work is to utilize peculiar random Walkers, shouted as rateless packages, for distributed storage of informations in WSN. Every individual node creates a precise figure of ratelesspackets, that are chiefly empty packages that excursion across the web as random Walkers. The purpose in [ 16 ] is to utilize packages encoded in a distributed manner that will be stored at random locations in the web to maximise informations continuity in the WSN. Every individual rateless package is associated alongside a grade selected prosecuting the mean Luby Change ( LT ) grade allotment, and T, the blending period of the graph, is conjectural to be known. Every individual rateless package performs a random amble across the web and a fresh information is joined simply after every individual T hops ; after a new information is added the package grade is decreased by one. After the grade becomes zero, the rateless package performs t auxiliary hops to hit the node that will hive away it. Though, the focal point of the paper is to lift informations continuity ; the period needed for the allotment of the rateless packages is non studied. PROPOSED Work In this paper we ideal the interface equals of a Grid agreement and the connexions amid them as a graph G?V ; E? , whereas V and E are the set of interface equals and boundary lines associating them, severally. Every individual node of the web is exceptionally recognized by an identifier ID. The ID can be allocated by a fixed rendezvous node, e.g. , a tracker, or can be embodied by the IP, haven reference of the node. Every individual node vj 2 V owns an m-bits informations ten tjvj, whereas tj is a time-stamp or an whole number that is incremented every individual period the informations in vj alterations. To clarify the notation in the remainder of the paper we accept that vj coincides alongside the ID of node ; tj is usually denoted to as the creative activity figure. In our scenes a node can advise its informations asynchronously alongside regard to the remainder of the web, lifting the creative activity associated alongside the information. The purpose of nodes is to discourse aboard one one more the corresponding informations, so as to grok a coincident screening of all the informations amassed by all the nodes in the web. This have to be completed indefinitely often at an arbitrary rate _ by every individual node. This observation Torahs out each centralised declaration whereas all nodes study to a public monitoring node, that in spiral have to propagate the amassed informations to all the participants. This manner is clearly impossible because it imposes a immense figure of traffic to and from the monitoring node, non to note the topics connected to the ballot and exposure of a centralised sink Therefore, in this paper we advocate a to the full distributed declaration established on random walks. Every individual node is allowed to onset a manipulated figure tungsten of packages that are the random Walkers propagating the information in the web. The parametric quantity w clearly permits one to manipulation the figure of traffic inoculated in the web. On every individual response by a node, the package is forwarded to a random familiarity hence groking a easy signifier of probabilistic gossipmongering. It is good recognized that web coding declarations, e.g. , hold oning additive combinations of the amassed information, increases the presentation in words of throughput, hardiness and continuity. On the auxiliary manus, coding ways display two chief defects. The early and most erudite topic is embodied by the added computational complexness. A likely declaration that has by now been counseled in the plants is to clarify the early random web coding manner, that needs one to fa ll in the information blocks in elevated order Galois Field, alongside agreements established on easy binary combinations, e.g. , XOR. Our work headers alongside the elaborateness capable using a easy category of rateless codifications, recognized as Luby Change codes [ 19 ] . The subsequent most relevant defect of NC is embodied the unlikeliness for a node to advise asynchronously the informations it merges missing calamitously impacting on the decryption accomplishment of all the auxiliary nodes. Indeed, the nodes retain roll uping additive combinations of a set of terra incognitas till they prosperously invert the corresponding agreement of equations. Clearly, the agreement of additive equations is meaningful if one keeps fall ining the similar information. On the contrary, in this paper we advocate a fresh decryption manner for LT codifications that is resilient to asynchronous accommodations of the information. In decision, we allow every individual node propagate a fixed figur e of packages hold oning coded informations of the nodes that the packages have hit giving a random amble aboard G?V ; E? . All the nodes use the consented packages to decide a agreement of additive equations allowing them to repossess the informations associated alongside all the informations collected by the web in a timely, finished and robust way.In the prosecuting the characteristics of the counseled random amble coding scheme and the design of the fresh LT decryption algorithm are presented. This estimate might be computed by the nodes spoting the IDs of the nodes encompassed in the beforehand consented equations. To get by alongside the construct of the equation harmonizing to the RSD, every individual package carries in the heading part the indicating of the grade dF that have to be attained by the equation below formation in the package ( that in our scenes is the early equation composed in the package organic structure signifier left to compensate ) . After a node vj at creative activity tj receives a package, it checks if the grade of the early equation stored in the package has grasped the demanded grade. If dF A ; gt ; d1, and therefore the mark grade has non been grasped yet, the node performs three operations: it XORs its informations to the word c1, i.e. , c1 ? c1 _ Next the degree d1 of the equation is incremented and the corresponding Earth in the package updated. Finally, the node vj and the information timestamp tj are appended to the equation. On the auxiliary manus, if dF ? d1, the early equation has by now attained the demanded grade, therefore a new equation is crafted and stored as the new early equation, as the auxiliary equations are advanced, for example, eqi becomes eqi?1 for I ? 1. . . k. To craft a new equation eq1 a node draws a random grade from RSD and shops it in the dF Earth of the package heading. Following d1 ? 1 is set, its vj, its existent timestamp tj and informations c1 ? x tj vj are composed in the proper Fieldss. Every individual package crafted or notified by a node is following forwarded to one more node, indiscriminately selected amid the innate neighbours. The figure of hops globally seized by a package is non manipulated in our system. The merely restriction is embodied by the maximal package size DIM, that is normally imposed by the maximal transportation component allowed by the implicit in contact cognition at the physical bed. After a package ways the maximal dimension DIM, the eldest equation grasped by it is deleted as it is highly likely to keep aged or by now recognized information. 3.1Random Walk LT Coding In instance of a vivacious web, whereas nodes can randomly nexus and go the graph G?V ; E? and/or in attending of undependable links that coil into package lickings, a mechanism to admit the attending of a given package in the web have to be devised. As an illustration, an acknowledgement timer ( a Time-to-Live field ) and the reference of the conceiver can be added to the message. As usual, The acknowledgement timer Earth is initialized to a steady worth on the package construct, following every individual node decreases it on every individual hop. After the acknowledgement timer reaches 0 the consenting node acknowledges the conceiver that its random Walker is yet alive. The accepting node to boot resets the acknowledgement timer to the early value. The conceiver of the package uses a timer to detect package losingss ; after a timer expires beforehand the response of the corresponding recognition memo the node is allowed to renew the package. 3.2 ASYNCHRONOUS LT Decoding: The information scope by the random Walkers can be recouped by each node in the web every bit rapidly as the figure of equations needed to show an LT decryption algorithm has been collected. As our purpose is to retrace the information every bit fleetly as likely, all the equations grasped by every individual package, embracing the 1s that are yet in advancement, are buffered by every individual node. If we accept that the figure of nodes jV J in the web is equal to N, the decipherer undertaking can be formulated as the declaration of the agreement of additive equations Gx ? c whereas G is an N _ N binary1 matrix whose lines embody the N likely independent equations amassed by the node, x and degree Celsiuss are N _ 1 column vectors stand foring the N unfamiliar pieces of informations and the corresponding buffered additive combinations grasped by the packages warheads. Both x and hundred encompass m-bit elements. The node can reimburse all the informations x using a progressive sign ifier of Gaussian Elimination to decide the system. Clearly, this will necessitate all the nodes in the web to retain their informations sweetheart to besiege unhinging the declaration of the system. Consequences and execution In this helping we furnish anscutiny of the period needed to run all the innate informations to all the members in the web, that in the pursuing is described as recovery clip. In peculiar, we are interested in patterning the recovery period as a intent of the size of the innate informations m, the figure of random Walkers generated each node tungsten and figure of nodes in the web N, given the restraint on the maximal size of the random amble packages DIM. Furthermore, the counseled analytical ideal licenses to difference the coded manner versus an correspondent agreement missing cryptography, i.e. , after the information is gossiped explicitly. In fact, the counseled manner degenerates into an uncoded agreement if one img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1687614.001.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1687614.002.png"/ Decision: In this paper we have shown that the present progresss in rateless cryptography and decryption can be lucratively exploited to carry through a robust and timely P2P resource venue method in Grid systems. The chief freshness of the counseled manner lies in the usage of web coding rules in a scenario whereas innate informations can be notified asynchronously. Furthermore, as challenged to a small signifiers of distributed storage counseled in the plants, our proposition realizes a changeless notify of the Earth informations across the finished distributed agreement, as maintaining the figure of traffic below control. From the algorithmic point of think, the chief part is embodied by the design of a fresh decipherer for rateless codifications that is robust to asynchronous updates of the information. One more interesting effect that we attained is the advancement of a easy analytical ideal for the appraisal of the period needed to run the information as a intent of the web and informati on sizes, given a restraint on the MTU allowed by the gettable transmittal protocol. Such a ideal can be exploited for the appraisal of the presentation and for the choice of a small critical parametric quantities of the system. The analytical wake show that the counseled coded manner reduces the period needed to discourse all the informations aboard respect to an correspondent system missing coding. Furthermore we clarify that such addition additions alongside the size of the informations to be scope, or analogously after the MTU shall be highly limited. One more paramount effect is that the encoded agreement graduated tables larger than the uncoded 1 after the figure of nodes in the distributed agreement additions. RoentgenEFERENCES [ 1 ] P. Trunfio, D. Talia, H. Papadakis, P. Fragopoulou, M. Mordacchini, M. Pennanen, K. Popov, V. Vlassov, and S. Haridi, â€Å"Peer-to-Peer Resource Discovery in Grids: Models and Systems, † Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 864-878, 2007. [ 2 ] V. Vijayakumar, R.S. WahidaBanu, and J.H. Abawajy, â€Å"An Efficient Approach Based on Trust and Reputation for Secured Selection of Grid Resources, † Int’l J. Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 1-17, 2012. [ 3 ] A. Kermarrec, L. Massouli_e, and A. Ganesh, â€Å"Probabilistic Reliable Dissemination in Large-scale Systems, † IEEE Trans. Parallel and Distributed Systems, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 248-258, Mar. 2003. [ 4 ] M. Jelasity, A. Montresor, and O. Babaoglu, â€Å"Gossip-Based Aggregation in Large Dynamic Networks, † ACM Trans. Computer Systems, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 219-252, Aug. 2005. [ 5 ] L. Alvisi, et al. , â€Å"How Robust are Gossip-Based Communication Protocols? †Operating Systems Rev. , vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 14-18, Oct. 2007. [ 6 ] R. new wave Renesse, D. Dumitriu, V. Gough, and C. Thomas, â€Å"Efficient Reconciliation and Flow Control for Anti-Entropy Protocols, † Proc. Second Workshop Large-Scale Distributed Systems and Middleware ( LADIS ’08 ) , 2008. [ 7 ] N. Carvalho, J. Pereira, R. Oliveira, and L. Rodrigues, â€Å"Emergent Structure in Unstructured Epidemic Multicast, † Proc. 37th Ann. IEEE/IFIP Int’l Conf. Reliable Systems and Networks ( DSN ’07 ) , pp. 481-490, 2007. [ 8 ] J. Leitao, J. Pereira, and L. Rodrigues, â€Å"Hyparview: A Membership Protocol for Reliable Gossip-Based Broadcast, † Proc. 37th Ann. IEEE/IFIP Int’l Conf. Reliable Systems and Networks ( DSN ’07 ) , pp. 419-429, 2007. How to cite Random Walks for P2P Resource Discovery in Grids, Essay examples

Major Issue In All Levels Of Organization †Myasssigmenthelp.Com

Question: What Is The Major Topical Issue In All Levels Of Organization? Answer: Introduction In the recent decades, effective leadership has emerged to be a major topical issue in all levels of organization due to the critical part that leadership plays towards the success of an organization. Due to the critical role of leadership, it is important for the one in leadership position to possess self-awareness regarding his leadership strengths and weaknesses. To facilitate this process, have been developed several tools for leaders to carry out self-assessment. Some of these tools include Leadership self-assessment Personal Style Inventory, Credibility Assessment, and Leadership Assessment Team Leadership Styles Profile. This paper is going to provide an analysis of my potential as a leader following the results of the three leadership assessment tools above. An explanation of the purpose of the assessment tool Leadership Assessment Team Leadership Styles Profile is based on leadership attributes scale that is used in the leadership curriculum of Monash University. It consists of an 18-item questionnaire, which allows a leader to respond by marketing them on a scale of 1 (Always) to 4 (Never). The purpose of this tool is to assess ones leadership behavior and to determine his or her style of leadership. This tool divides leaders into three categories, for example, autocratic; a leader who focuses on costs and control, collaborative; a leader who is productive and cooperative, and empowering; a leader who demonstrates high involvement with the team and its activities. The second leadership tool is the Credibility Assessment, whose purpose is to provide students with information about their current level of credibility with regards to leadership. It is made up of a 14-item questionnaire that allows one to respond in a scale of 1 to 5, and the scores are used to determine whether a leader possess two major components of credible leadership, which are trust and expertise. The third tool is the Leadership self-assessment Personal Style Inventory, which is made up of a consisting of 32-item questionnaire. The purpose of this tool is to help first line supervisors, manager, and team leaders to carry out their personal inventory based on four dimension. These dimensions are introversion and extroversion, sensing and intuiting, judging and perceiving and thinking and feeling. A discussion about the insights the results provided into your potential as a leader According to the results of Leadership self-assessment Personal Style Inventory, I have a high potential of becoming an effective leader. Based on the first dimension, I am an extrovert due to my characteristics of interacting with others and the ability to understand the external. According to transactional theory of leadership, a good leader should possess effective skills of collaboration and teamwork to steer a team towards success (Turner Mller, 2010). These skills are vital because they enable the leader to develop a skilled and a talented team to achieve the goals and objectives that have been set. Through effective collaboration and teamwork, I can develop a team where members supplement one anothers weaknesses. This is in accordance with the trait-based theory of leadership that states that a good leader influences people through his innate characteristic (Zaccaro, 2007). The results also show that I am a thinker more than a feeler. This shows that I have effective thinking skills, which is vital for successful leadership. As a leader, I am able to make reasonable and well-thought out judgment and express my ideas in a logical manner (French Tracey, 2010). Equally, as a leader I can conceptualize, analyze and synthesize the information that I receive from my subordinates and make appropriate decisions that facilitate the achievement of the set goals and objectives (Elder Paul, 2009). Based on the Credibility Assessment Tool, I lack the sufficient expertise to be a leader; however, I have a high level of trust in my organization. With a score of 25, I have sufficient expertise in my organization, but I need to make significant improvements to become an effective leader. My colleagues view me a subject matter expert and this gives me a high potential of becoming an effective leader within my organization. Based on the traits theory of leadership, one must believe in himself and he should be able to win the trust of his subordinates by demonstrating good qualities of leadership (Goodwin, Lee Whittington, Murray, Nichols, 2011). According to the findings of the Leadership Assessment Team Leadership Styles Profile, I have very minimal potential of being a collaborative frontline winner. The transformational theory of leadership requires that a leader should possess effective skills of collaboration to transform and inspire his team to achieve the set goals and objectives (Riaz Haider, 2010). However, the lack of these skills limits my potential of serving as a good leader due to lack of the ability to transform and inspire my subordinates to embrace teamwork. Despite this, I have effective skills of empowering front line leader, therefore, the ability to get involved in the activities of my organization enables me to inspire my team to success. Besides, my low score on autocratic leadership demonstrate that I have the potential of becoming a good leader who embraces teamwork. This is in accordance to the democratic theory of leadership, which advocates for the involvement and participation of the subordinate s in the decision making process. A comparison and contrast of the results from each self-assessment Similarities The results from all the three assessment tools indicate that I possess effective critical thinking skills. Leadership self-assessment Personal Style Inventory, I am a thinker more than a perceiver. Equally, according to Leadership Assessment Team Leadership Styles Profile, always solve problems as they come. These shows that in have effective analytical skills to make informed decisions to steer my team towards success (Truss, Shantz, Soane, Alfes, Delbridge, 2013). Another similarity between the three tools is that I have characteristics of a collaborative leader. The tools shows that I am an extrovert, I interact with my team members and I engage them in the process of decision-making and in the teams activities to attain the set goals (Pandya, 2014).This is in accordance to the democratic theory of leadership, which advocates for the involvement of the subordinates in the process of decision making (Goodpasture, 2010). This is similar to the findings of Leadership self-assessment Personal Style Inventory which shows that I am an empowering frontline leader who embraces the involvement of others in organizational tasks. Similarly, the Credibility Assessment shows that I have a strong relationship with my team members. Differences The results of Leadership Self-assessment Personal Style Inventory shows that I highly embrace teamwork and collaboration and that I value working with others. This is similar to the results of Credibility Assessment provide contrary results a collaborative leader due to my practice of involving my subordinates in the decision-making process. On the other hand, the results of the Leadership Assessment Team Leadership Styles Profile, which shows that I score very low as a collaborative frontline leader. Therefore, I do not cooperate with my colleagues and these results contradicts the findings of the first two tools. Another difference between the results of the three tools is in my decision-making process. Accounting to Leadership Assessment Team Leadership Styles Profile, I often make instant decisions on my own. This can be understood through the situational/contingency theory of leadership, which advocates for taking contingency measures to address unexpected events within an organization (Peretomode, 2012). On the other hand, the results of Credibility Assessment and the Leadership Self-assessment Personal Style Inventory show that I only make decisions after consulting with my team; a characteristic of a collaborative leader (Coleman MacNicol, 2015). Leadership Styles Concise Analysis Transformational leadership refers a leadership style where the leader works in collaboration with the subordinates to identify the relevant changes, develop a vision and inspire the subordinates to achieve the set goals (Neider Schriesheim, 2011). On the other hand, trait-based leadership is where the leader utilizes his unique inborn character to provide leadership and inspire the subordinates to achieve the set goals and objectives (Yukl, 2010). This section is going to discuss the similarities and differences between these two styles of leadership. Similarities between trait based and transformational leadership With regards the roles, both leadership styles involves having a strong influence on the subordinates (Boerner, Eisenbeiss, Griesser, 2007). According to trait-based theory, a leader is born with certain particular individual features and capabilities that distinguish them from their subordinates. The leader utilizes these special characters to influence their subordinates. Equally, transformational leaders develop a strong vision to inspire their subordinate to work towards it. With regards to behavior, both leadership style entails collaboration and team. It is required that leaders should work together with subordinates and that the whole team should be engaged in the decision-making process and get involved in all organizational activities to ensure organizational success (Northouse, 2016,). With regards to preference, both transformational leaders prefer the development of a vision and inspiring their subordinates to success. Both leaders possess excellent visionary skills and able to formulate effective visions according to the needs of their subordinates. Differences With regards to type, transformational leaders embrace democracy in their leadership process because they need to work with subordinates to identify a change and work towards achieving the desired change (Winkler, 2010). Conversely, trait-based style of leadership tends to embrace autocracy due to their unique characters which command followership even without the will of the followers. Concerning the role of a leader, transformational leaders play the role of motivating their subordinates to towards the achievement of the main goal. Transformational organizational leaders use motivational theories such as Maslows hierarchy of needs to motivate their followers, for instance, they identify the needs of their followers and work towards fulfilling them (Norman, Avolio, Luthans, 2010). On the other hand, trait-based leaders give directions for others to follower without necessarily motivating them. Concerning capabilities, transformation leaders can arouse the emotions of the followers through effective communication skills to lead them towards the achievement of the set organizations goals. According to the transformational leadership theory, effective leadership entails the ability to motivate and inspire your subordinates or team members to attain the set goals according to the needs of the team (Riaz Haider, 2010). Conversely, the trait-based leaders rely on the use of punishment and rewards trigger motivation to their followers to work towards achieving the set goals. In conclusion, both transformational and trait-based leadership share a lot in common, for example, the use of collaboration and inspiring the subordinates. These skills enable them to lead their teams to success. However, they have some differences, for example, while transformational leaders embrace democracy, trait-based leaders tend to be more autocratic in the leadership process. References Coleman, S. MacNicol, D., 2015,Project Leadership, Gower Publishing, Ltd: Farnham, Surrey, UK Burlington, VT. Elder, L. Paul, R., 2009. The Aspiring Thinkers Guide to Critical Thinking. Foundation for Critical Thinking Press: 17, 20, and 44. [Online]. Available at: https://www.criticalthinking.org/ctmodel/logic-model1.htm French, E. Tracey, N., 2010, Critical Thinking and Organization Theory: Embedding a process to encourage graduate capabilities, E-Journal of Business Education Scholarship of Teaching, Vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1-10. Goodpasture, J., 2010, Project Management the Agile Way: Making it Work in the Enterprise,J. Ross Publishing, Ft. Lauderdale, FL. Goodwin, V. L., Lee Whittington, J., Murray, B., Nichols, T., 2011, Moderator or mediator? Examining the role of trust in the transformational leadership paradigm, Journal of Managerial Issues, Vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 409. Neider, L. L., Schriesheim, C. A., 2011, The Authentic Leadership Inventory (ALI): Development and empirical tests, The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 1146-1164. Norman, S.M, Avolio, B.J., Luthans, F., 2010, The impact of positivity and transparency on trust in leaders and their perceived effectiveness. Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 21, pp. 350. Northouse,P. G., 2016, Leadership: Theory and practice, (7th Ed). SAGE Publications: Los Angeles, CA. Pandya, K. D., 2014, The Key Competencies of Project Leader beyond the Essential Technical Capabilities, IUP Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 39-48. Peretomode, O., 2012, Situational and Contingency Theories of Leadership: Are They the Same?, IOSR Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 13-17. Riaz, A. Haider, M. H., 2010, Role of transformational and transactional leadership on job satisfaction and career satisfaction, Business and Economic Horizons, Vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 29-38. Truss, C., Shantz, A., Soane, E., Alfes, K. Delbridge, R., 2013, Employee engagement, organisational performance and individual well-being: exploring the evidence, developing the theory, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 24, no. 14, pp. 2657-2669. Turner, J. Mller, R., 2010,Project-Oriented Leadership.Gower Publishing, Ltd: Farnham, Surrey, UK Burlington, VT. Winkler, I., 2010,Contemporary Leadership Theories: Enhancing the Understanding of the Complexity, Subjectivity and Dynamic of Leadership, Physica-Verlag: Heidelberg. Yukl, G., 2010, Leadership in organizations. (7th Ed.). Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ. Zaccaro, S., 2007, Trait-Based Perspectives of Leadership, American Psychologist, Vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 6-16.

The neutralisation of Acids by Antacids Essay Example

The neutralisation of Acids by Antacids Paper An Investigation to See What Effects the Neutralisation of Acids by Antacids In this experiment I will be looking at what affects the rate of reaction in a chemical reaction between Hydrochloric acid and commercial antacids. I will be looking at one of the Rates of reaction, surface area, to see if a smaller surface area does speed up a reaction. The reason that I became interested in this experiment is that I have been suffering from terrible indigestion of late and was wondering what would affect the efficiency of the tablets. Indigestion is a common condition caused by excess (or too strong) acid in the stomach, using antacids, usually a salt containing either an earth or alkali metal, always a base, neutralises the acid in the stomach relieving pain. In chemical reactions atoms are rearranged. This rearrangement (and the reaction) is caused by the collision of atoms. In gases and liquids, contact with solids and with each other millions of collisions occur very second. If all these were successful and caused a reaction then every reaction would be over in a millionth of a second. Because reactions arent over in such a quick speed one can presume that not all collisions are successful. To be successful a collision has to occur with enough energy and directly. A good analogy for this is bumper cars at a fair ground. A glancing hit does little but a head on collision hurts! Several things govern the rate of a reaction. I predict that as the surface area of one of the reactants (the tablet) increases so will the rates of reaction. This is because of the reasons discussed above. I set up the apparatus as below and used the equipment safely. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on The neutralisation of Acids by Antacids specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The neutralisation of Acids by Antacids specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The neutralisation of Acids by Antacids specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I broke the tablet into smaller sizes as per the experiment demanded 2. In this experiment I will be using 0. 25-M hydrochloric acid because antacid tablets are designed to work in our stomach, in which is hydrochloric acid. I was provided with 2M hydrochloric acid and so diluted 2. 5mls of acid in 17. 5mls of water. I found that 0. 25M acid works best through some preliminary work. 3. a) When using the two smaller sizes I added 15mls of the water to the powder so I didnt loose any reactants. b) When using larger surface area I just broke the tablets into their respective sizes. 4. I added the hydrochloric acid solution into the side arm tube and measured (in mls) how much was released by seeing how much water was displaced from the measuring tube. My results were as followed: My results contain one anomalous result. This occurs in the fifth minute of the 1/4 tablet experiment. It was more likely to have occurred by human error than contamination because the control was negative and it occurs half way through the test, not from the start. This graph shows the reaction between 0. 25m hydrochloric acid and Rennie antacid tablets. As you can see the reaction starts at a steady speed and slows down as the reaction progresses. This is because the reactants are used early on and the amount of reactant available toward the end of the reaction is small. At the top end of the graph the speed of reaction between a 1/4 and a 1/6 is small considering the huge increase in surface area. This is because the increase in surface are no longer affects the rate of reaction; the rule no longer applies. This is common with scientific laws, such as Hookes law. Conclusion Antacid tablets are designed to neutralise stomach pH to stop heartburn and indigestion. In my opinion my experiment went quite well. From my experiment one can see that the smaller surface area of a reactant the slower the reaction. This proves my prediction and the rates of reaction correct. The 1/6 tablet reacted far quicker than the whole one. There is little difference between the smallest two sizes of tablet, this is because the law starts not to apply. The pattern is that as the surface area increases so does the rate of reaction, up to a certain point. An anomalous result occurred in the 5th minute of the 1/4 tablet, but it think it was due to human error, as opposed to contamination. I believe that contamination would have affected the whole test, and it would have stood out form the other results, having either a faster or slower reaction rate than the others. The best place to test the tablet would be in the stomach, as this is where the tablets are designed to work, it would be interesting to see if the enzymes in the stomach aid or slow down the reaction, although I think it would make little difference as the enzyme present in the stomach, protease, is designed to break down protein into amino acids, thus would do little to catalyse the neutralisation of stomach acid. To obtain results closer to those which would occur in the stomach, the experiment would have to take place at 32i c. I would expect the reaction to occur at a faster rate, because the particles would be moving faster (this point is explained in further detail earlier in this report). The best way to obtain results similar to those that would occur in the stomach would be a computer simulation, this way I could set the testing environment how I wanted without having to obtain a stomach.

Free Essays on No Escape From Capitalism - Alienation

Many people still believe that through hard work, they can reach any social and financial status to which they aspire. In the United States, this is commonly known as â€Å"The American Dream.† It consists of the worker going to his job, working hard, returning to his home, and then repeating the process. This may go on for days, weeks, or years, but ultimately the worker will reach his financial goals. However, how rare is the realization of such goals, and at what price does it occur? Karl Marx argues that this capitalistic view of work results in the alienation of the worker from his job, himself, and others. In Marx’s article, â€Å"Alienated Labor,† he explains that capitalist society creates an environment in which the worker loses the special concept that makes him an individual. The worker gives himself up to the product he is working to produce, to capitalism, and consequently becomes commodified. Although we would like to think that the world ha s changed, capitalism has spread like a plague throughout society. Thus, the idea of alienated labor can still be used to explain how workers are treated as a result of capitalism, and how increasingly alienated they have become. As Marx explains, the relationship between the worker and the product of his labor is alien. The more man externalizes into his work, the more alienated he becomes. The worker puts his life into the object and therefore looses a part of himself. People who work in any type of production create a number of things sold in our market. However, capitalist society takes all credit for production and distribution of these products. The worker gets no credit for his work. In this way, the worker does not own what he creates, he sells himself to the capitalist. A shirt that is made by a worker in China does not belong to him but to the company that made the product. The worker is alien to us and the thought never occurs to us that another person’... Free Essays on No Escape From Capitalism - Alienation Free Essays on No Escape From Capitalism - Alienation Many people still believe that through hard work, they can reach any social and financial status to which they aspire. In the United States, this is commonly known as â€Å"The American Dream.† It consists of the worker going to his job, working hard, returning to his home, and then repeating the process. This may go on for days, weeks, or years, but ultimately the worker will reach his financial goals. However, how rare is the realization of such goals, and at what price does it occur? Karl Marx argues that this capitalistic view of work results in the alienation of the worker from his job, himself, and others. In Marx’s article, â€Å"Alienated Labor,† he explains that capitalist society creates an environment in which the worker loses the special concept that makes him an individual. The worker gives himself up to the product he is working to produce, to capitalism, and consequently becomes commodified. Although we would like to think that the world ha s changed, capitalism has spread like a plague throughout society. Thus, the idea of alienated labor can still be used to explain how workers are treated as a result of capitalism, and how increasingly alienated they have become. As Marx explains, the relationship between the worker and the product of his labor is alien. The more man externalizes into his work, the more alienated he becomes. The worker puts his life into the object and therefore looses a part of himself. People who work in any type of production create a number of things sold in our market. However, capitalist society takes all credit for production and distribution of these products. The worker gets no credit for his work. In this way, the worker does not own what he creates, he sells himself to the capitalist. A shirt that is made by a worker in China does not belong to him but to the company that made the product. The worker is alien to us and the thought never occurs to us that another person’...

Portfolio Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Portfolio Analysis - Essay Example Logically, then, the risk and return of an individual security should be analysed in terms of how that security affects the risk and return of a portfolio in which it is held. As mentioned in Finance for Non-Financial Managers by Lawrence W Tuller, Diversifiable risk is also known as company-specific, or unsystematic, risk. Market risk is also known as non diversifiable, or systematic, or beta, risk; it is that risk remains after diversification. Diversifiable risk is caused by such random events as lawsuits, strikes, successful and unsuccessful marketing programs, winning or losing a major contract, and other events that are unique to a particular firm. Since these events are random, their effects on portfolio can be eliminated by diversification- bad events in one firm will be offset by good events in another. The riskiness of a portfolios declines as the number of stocks in the portfolio increases. The smaller the correlation coefficient (the movements of two variables with respect to each other), the lower the risk in a large portfolio. If we could find a set of stocks whose correlation were negative or zero, all risk could be eliminated. Consider Stock M with the beta coefficient of 2 i.e. ... This is due to the diversification of risk in a portfolio. (2) Explain carefully how diversification leads to the construction of the Markowitz efficient frontier. Answer: As explained by Eugene Brigham and Gapenski, the computational procedure for determining the efficient set of portfolios was developed by Harry Markowitz and first reported in his article "Portfolio Selection", Journal of Finance, March 1952. Markowitz developed the basic concepts of portfolio theory. With only two assets, the feasible set of portfolios is a point within the curve. However if we increase the number of assets, we would obtain an area under the curve. The points A,B,C and D represent single securities. All other points with in the curve, including its boundaries, represent attainable set. The above Curve boundary from A to D however defines the efficient set of portfolios, which is also called efficient frontier. Portfolios to the left of the efficient set are not possible because they lie outside the attainable set. Portfolios to the right of the boundary line (interior portfolios) are inefficient because some other portfolio would provide either a higher return with the same degree of risk or a lower risk for the same rate of return. Markowitz efficient frontier model. The optimal portfolio for each investor is found at the tangency point between the efficient set of portfolio and one of the investor's indifference curves. This tangency point marks the highest level of satisfaction the investor can attain. The investor's risk/return trade off function is based on the standard economic concepts of utility theory and the indifference curves. Here we have 2 Stock holders. Mr Y and Mr Z. Mr Y is more risk

Michel Foucault. Panopticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Michel Foucault. Panopticism - Essay Example This visibility is actually a trap: prisoners can see each other but cannot communicate. â€Å"The major effect of the Panopticon: to induce in the inmate a state of conscious and permanent visibility that assures the automatic functioning of power† (Foucault). Paradoxical at first glance, Foucault’s writing parallels contemporary realities and conflicts. Panopticon exemplifies a unique analogy of present day surveillance relations and principles (Simon 2). Panopticon also closely resembles and redefines the essence of modern communications, particularly, the Internet (Winokur 1). Winokur suggests that, through the prism of Foucault’s writings, the Internet makes users question the mere essence of electronic communications and relations (1). Why the Panopticon-Internet relationship? The answer is simple: both operate as complex poststructuralist models of human relations with permanent and conscious visibility as the main prerequisites for the successful use of power (Winokur 1). The Internet is more panoptic than cinema or television. It is a bi-directional space, in which people observe other people through the computer monitor. Contrary to most beliefs, the Internet is not an instrument of socialization and empowerment but merely a tool of remote control (Winokur 5). This is where Foucault’s Panopticon turns into a symbol of present day surveillance relations. However, Foucault’s writing is much more complicated than it seems; and so is the world described by the philosopher in his famous work. The writing deserves much attention and analysis to understand its real meaning and writer’s idea. The Panopticon is not merely an instrument and medium of power, its meaning is really more important. It is the symbol of social resistance and control (Simon 3). It is a representation of a socio-material epistemology (Simon 3). Panopticon shapes a unique but extremely

Auto Supply Chain in England Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Auto Supply Chain in England - Research Paper Example Proximity to export and import zones reduce logistics costs. It is imperative that automobile companies in England establish centralized locations to help in managing current economic issues. Management of Nissan’s British factory, for instance, has established the manufacturing company in Sunderland to improve transport logistics. William, 2007, reports that success of Nissan Company relied on the company’s choice of location and ease of supply chain. Location of Nissan close to deep-sea port enabled the company to transport its cars to suppliers and customers at a relatively low cost. Improved accessibility to exporting zones greatly helps England automobile industries to mitigate challenges related trucks shortages and inadequate supply of fuel for transport of vehicles. Automobile companies should further adopt a focused lean logistics superhighway to assist in the delivery of manufacturing materials to factories. The efficient outbound logistics would also improve export of manufactured automobiles to international markets. According to the UK automobile Council, 2013, weak domestic supply is a cause of the decline in the growth of automobile industry. The council’s report asserts that the country must have a strong automobile supply chain to improve the automobile industry. According to UK automobile council, companies must establish new supply chains that would help in introducing modern cars as opposed to powered by the traditional diesel engine and petrol.

Strategies of Pressure Groups

Strategies of Pressure Groups Pressure Groups Robert Hassam Britain is often referred to as a homogenous society as the public tend to share similar political views. However, more recently, there has been a decline in membership in political parties and an increase in the membership of pressure groups. In this essay I aim to define pressure groups, analyse their role and importance to British democracy. According to Duncan Watts, apressure groupscan be described as an organised group which seeks to influence government policy, protect or advance a particular cause or interest. They can also be described as ‘interest groups’, ‘lobby groups’ or ‘protest groups’. However some people avoid using the term ‘pressure group’ as it may inadvertently be interpreted as meaning the groups use actual pressure to achieve their aims, which does not necessarily happen. Pressure groups are distinct from political parties in that they do not seek political power, instead they aim to influence those already in power. The term pressure group is relatively recent, however voluntary organisations have been attempting to influence policy ever since the late 18th Century. A typical example of this, is The Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade. Which was founded in 1787 under William Wilberforce, and successfully achieved its objective to abolish slavery in 1807. A pressure group may be a huge organisation such as the British Medical Association (BMA), which stand represents doctors both individually and collectively on a wide variety of employment issues, or it may be a single-issue locally based organisation like CLARA (Central Area Leamington Residents Association), which represents less than 300 households campaigning to preserve and improve the town of Leamington Spa. Pressure groups are not only distinguished by size, cause, and aim but also by the levels of extremism, such as the Animal Liberation Front, which has frequently indulged in illegal activities to further its aims and objectives. Pressure groups may also have strong links to political parties such as the Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR), which have links to the Labour government and have regular contact with cabinet ministers. (Jones Norton, 2010) Pressure groups are divided into the following sub-groups: Causal (or promotional) groups, Sectional (or Protection) groups and also how close they are to the government known as either Insider or Outsider groups. Causal groups are involved with a particular issue or issues and serve this cause by promoting it. These groups vary in size and aims, which can be permanent ‘such as friends of the earth’ who continually campaign for their particular cause or they can be temporary such as CND, the ‘campaign for nuclear disarmament’ who would disperse if their cause was attained or irreversibly lost. Sectional groups represent and further the interests of a particular part of society and as a result the members of these groups are more directly concerned with the outcome of the campaign at hand as they usually stand to gain something (professionally, economically). Therefore membership is usually limited to the sole members of that particular group of the populatio n and aim to involve all those that are eligible to join. Insider groups have strong links with decision makers and are regularly consulted. They are the groups that the government local and national considers to be legitimate and are, therefore, given access to decision makers. This category includes the National Farmers Union (NFU) and the police force, as they are involved in the consultation process as a matter of course when government proposals relevant to their activities are discussed. An outsider group is one that operates outside the government, they have no special links with them but they still seek to influence decision makers by (usually) mobilizing public opinion, an example would be Fathers 4 justice. Theyre generally not involved in the Law Making process and so dont have a chance to influence legislation. This may be due to previous protests or demonstrations which have made their relationship with the government hostile. Generally, Insider groups would be more s uccessful that outsider groups because of the influences that they do hold and the power they have to change the decisions made by the government. (Jones Norton, 2010) (http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/modern/uk_gov_politics/central_gov/revision/4/) Pressure groups act as intermediaries between the government and the public. This role has become increasingly important as the scope and complexity of politics have increased and as it has become more difficult for political parties alone to perform all the representative functions. This means that they act as a spokesman or negotiators on behalf of clearly defined sectional interests, for example the ‘National Farmers Union’ which acts on behalf of farmers or the ‘British Medical Association’ which acts on behalf of medical professionals or doctors. Additionally pressure groups help governments to create and actualize their approaches by entering into detailed consultations on recommendations for administrative action or legislation and in this way by conveying a measure of public consent to the output of policy and decision making processes. For example, accommodation has had an extensive impact on housing legislation over the years, the Child Poverty Act ion Group has consistently pressed for changes to help the poor and particularly families with children. Pressure groups empower new concerns and issues to achieve the political agenda, thereby facilitating social advance and avoiding social stagnation, for instance the women’s and environmentalist movements. Pressure groups build social cohesion and political stability by providing almost a safety net for people and collective demands. (Forman and Baldwin, 2007) For many years, pressure groups in Europe worked at or below the level of the state. On the other hand, they have been dynamic in the EU since its formation, playing a significant role in its political improvement and policy making. The movement of political power towards the EU has implied that more power is progressively being transferred to Brussels. Hence pressure groups are increasingly turning to Brussels to campaign on issues as issues have a tendency to work on a worldwide level such as global warming. Pressure groups can now impact choices made on a worldwide level. The rapid rise of multinational originations also implies these companies have influence on a global level. Hence people need to campaign through pressure groups to impact them on key issues like child labour and free trade. (Watts, 2008) Quite a bit of what the public thinks about politics originates from the activities of pressure groups. They empower political instruction and raise political awareness. They commit significate resources to carrying out research, maintaining websites, remarking on government approaches and using high profile and expert individuals to get over their perspectives. An example would be Bob Geldof and the Live Eight concerts held in 2005 in ten cities, which was designed to put pressure on the G8 leaders to tackle global poverty. Pressure groups likewise provide a means for cooperation in local politics between elections. For instance, in 1994 the A452 Coordination Group campaigned to block plans by Warwickshire County Council to make the A452 a dual carriageway. After the groups exceptional campaigning, the board dropped the arrangements. . (Forman and Baldwin, 2007) (http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/what_are_pressure_groups.htm) The strategies and methods utilized by pressure groups can influence its success such as advertising. Pressure groups endeavor to impact public opinion through the media and mass communication including strategies of advertising and public relations. Groups that use advertising campaigns such as NSPCC and GOSH (Television advertisement campaigns) appeal to a wide audience which often make the group a household name. Another technique utilized by pressure groups is ‘lobbying’. Lobbying is the art of cultivating and influencing the opinions of policy-makers, such as MPs and Lords. Methods of lobbying vary and can range from sending letters, making presentations, providing briefing material to Members and organised rallies. Another method used by pressure groups is participating in publicity stunts. In 2008, Greenpeace battled against the 3rd runway at Heathrow Airport by breaking into the air terminal and protesting on top of one of the planes, this generated a lot of medi a coverage and attention from both the general population and the government. The use of public demonstrations can also aid the success of a pressure group, which can be seen from the 2010 NUS (National Union of Students) demonstration against the rise in university fees in London, this was exceptionally advertised and the group drew a considerable amount of attention, nonetheless it didnt impact the government and the rise in fees still occurred. Pressure groups also raise petitions which can lead to success, for example the National Trusts petition against the government selling forestry lands which was a success as Cameron dropped the proposals not long after the petition was presented. Pressure groups that use strategies and methods widely are more inclined to be effective rather than groups that sit back and are not involved in any public demonstrations or petitions such a Tentelini, a group that isnt known to use any methods to gain attention or to influence the government. (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7338875.stm) (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-20412792) A pressure groups can use a variety of different methods to influence law. Firstly, it can merely educate legislators of its member’s inclinations. Second it may well give money or time to help with an election campaign. Third, its members may threaten, as a group, to vote as a block. By doing this they guarantee to help a cooperative legislator, and threaten to harm a non-cooperative legislator. Fourth, a pressure group may speed up legislation by writing bills and helping legislators make progressive agreements. Finally, a pressure group my attempt to influence members of the executive, who have some law making input and who can partly decide the strength and effectiveness of law enforcement. (Coxall and Robins, 1998) For some, pressure groups are a fundamental part of democracy. To others, pressure groups undermine the whole principle of democracy. Democracy is a system of government where decisions are arrived at by majoritarian principles with representatives elected at periodic elections where political equality and political opportunity permit the voter a compelling decision between competing candidates in a secret ballot. Arguments are present on both sides of the debate on whether pressure groups are beneficial for the government, and democracy. These arguments are typically focused upon Elitist and Pluralist belief systems, which differentiate one another in terms of thoughts. Elitists believe that the utilization of pressure groups threaten democracy, with the opinion of parties becoming too extreme in their views of which they become involved in criminalised activities, exert forced influence onto the general public, and the concept of innocent lives being harmed in the process of the pr essure groups protests. Pluralists however, consider pressure groups to promote democracy; with the use of individuals participating more in politics, and the focus of particular issues raised by the group to the government. Pluralists believe that pressure groups overcome the democratic deficit that builds up thereby enhancing the quality of democracy by increasing participation and access to the political system. Pressure groups complement and supplement electoral democracy in two main ways: by providing a vital form of citizen influence of the government between elections and enabling society’s variety of opinions is known. Pressure groups are the objective way to influence decisions in a free society. Freely operating pressure groups are crucial to the effective functioning of liberal democracy in three main ways: they serve as a voice between government and society, they disperse political power and provide an important counterweight and balance to political power which is particularly important with the two main political parties: the Conservative Party and the Labour party. Pressure groups improve the responsibilities of decision makers to electorates if enough impact is made. (Joyce, 2010) Although its undeniable that pressure groups play a vital role in British politics particularly in today’s less differential society, perhaps its not the suggested one of the pluralist model. For example, pressure groups do enhance interest however in an unequal way, benefiting the powerful and organised and disadvantaging the weak and disorderly. The groups themselves may not be representative of their members as many members views are overlooked if they dont comply with the ideologies of the leaders or decision makers of that group. The methods of influence some groups use build social discontent and political instability by intensifying social frustration and injustice felt by certain sections of the population. This can disregard the benefit of the whole of the community and this kind of civil disobedience cant be justified in todays democratic system. In conclusion, pressure groups can both detract from and strengthen democracy to a certain extent. Pressure groups are an essential dimension of any democracy, yet they can endanger it if sectional groups undermine the public interest or if the methods they use are corrupt or intimidating. Lastly in my humble opinion, I think pressure groups are a fundamental part of any democratic society, serving as a voice between the elite and the common citizens. However I question, if pressure groups where not influential in British politics, would the voices of common citizens be heard or even considered by the elite minority such as politicians? Bibliography Bitesize, B.,n.d. Pressure Groups. (Online) Available at:Â  (http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/what_are_pressure_groups.htm)Â  (Accessed on 07th of April 2015) Bitesize, B,.n.d. Government Politics. (Online) Available at:Â  (http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/modern/uk_gov_politics/central_gov/revision/4/)Â  (Accessed on 07th of April 2015) Bitesize, B,.n.d. UK Politics. (Online) Available at:Â  (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7338875.stm)Â  (Accessed on Bitesize, B,.n.d. Education. (Online) Available at:Â  (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-20412792)Â  (Accessed on Jones, B., M., Nortan, P. (2010) Politics UK, 7th Edition. London: Pearson Education Ltd. Watts, D. (2008) The European Union. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd. Forman, F.N., Baldwin, D.J. (2007) Mastering British Politics, 5th Edition. Basingstoke: MacMillan Press Ltd. Coxall, B., Lyton, R. (1998) Contemporary British Politics, 3rd Edition. Basingstoke: Palgrave Joyce, P. (2010) Understanding Politics, 3rd Edition. London: Hodder Education.

Teachers Need to Feel Empowered and in Control of their Career Essay

What does 2.0 look like? I became a teacher when spiders spun webs and a library teacher when the Internet was accessed through the telephone. I was an early adopter and adapter of everything 1.0. I embraced the magic of the CD-Rom, remember Encyclopedia Encarta. What a revelation. I became a librarian the same year that the card catalogue was replaced by lookup stations. I have no idea about creating a title, subject or author card but boy can I come up with the perfect key words for a Boolean search. During the days of Web 1.0 I taught students who were just as awed by computers and astounded with the Internet as I was. Together we explored this new digital world. Today the digital natives look upon computers and the Internet as a ubiquitous component of school and education. I understand. That’s all they have known. I know that I need to continue to embrace the new technologies. I need to continue to be on the cutting edge, be aware of the newest and coolest, what is the n ext Twitter, Facebook or YouTube and, most importantly, how can this technology be used to impact student learning. To that end I am a teacher leader in the area of technology. If a volunteer is needed for a presentation I’m the one. This year I have used Prezi to present copyright law to my staff at school. I have also coordinated building-wide training for district wide tech competencies assessment. I have been on the school’s technology leadership team since the school opened. I see myself as a leader in the field of technology integration. In order to help students and staff keep current with the software and now apps, that are available. I have embraced LibGuides a data management program that has revolutionized the old library pathfinders and web quest... ...ally policy, but also best teaching practices. These conferences have empowered me to take on these leadership roles in my school district and local NEA association. My primary objective after any of these professional growth experiences is to share them with my colleagues. And to that end I make it a practice to mentor new educators. I am also guide the students to think of the field of education as a valid career choice. I am concerned that with the negative image of education and educators, the poor economic climate that our smartest and gifted students and new teachers will not consider a career as a teacher, or continue in that career. I believe that if teachers feel empowered and in control of their career they will not only remain in education they will make a difference in the life of a child. And they will continue in this worthwhile and important career.

Speech Analysis

The speech was a very fascinating one. A very innovative one, that actually brings up a desire to do something, be something, and give this world something that we have never thought of. The initial part of the speech actually makes the students realize how important each one of them is, not only as a person but also emphasizes on the fact that the ideas each student possess actually mean something. The later part then deals with how to carry the ideas forward rather than ignoring them. How to help this world change just with the help of your ideas?The talent, the skills that each student carries, need not be wasted rather polished in a way so as to bring up something productive for the enhancement of the nation/world. Architecture is not only about keeping the dreams; rather it is to think over the practical implementation of the dreams. The practical implementation undoubtedly cannot be done as an individualist. Hence, to see our dreams having a physical existence, it is necessary to share the ideas, which would certainly make them better and powerful.But unfortunately what we lack in this present era, is the communication, the way of spreading the ideas is simply awful and not understandable to the audience. Therefore, what is important is not only to have the ideas rather to have a powerful skill to make people understand and interpret your ideas in order to generate something productive out of it. Hence it is very important to learn how to share ideas/dreams in a way that truly reveals excitement and passion and possibility behind them.Today, the advancement has made things so much better and easier, than how they were a few years back. The technology today has made it easier to develop something very innovative and new in the construction field. Point is, we need to set up our targets. We need to set up our goals and we need to determine our own definition of success. Success for us shall not be the matter of being the owner of two cars or something, rath er aim high of giving something to this world that they are going to remember forever.Perceive things in a new direction. Develop things in a new way. Change the living environments, bring up something more challenging. Design the cities that are more interactive than ever. Make the lives easier, by introducing concepts never introduced before. In a nut shell, Learning shall never ever stop. Pursue discipline, generosity, and knowledge. For these three things might sound outdated, but even today, they mean everything in the formation of one’s personality. Develop a personality that people would actually want to listen to.And if you pursue these three, then no doubt, you will not have to run after your dreams, rather your dreams will run after you. And that is how you are going to help shape a better future for the mankind. It was no doubt a highly motivating speech, that would definitely rise an urge to do something productive and memorable, in order to be remembered. Your ta lent is what you call imagination, invention or innovation. Therefore, there is a dire need to look out for the ways to establish your personality in such a way that would help you see the physical existence of all that you have in your mind.

Labor Management Relations

Katszuba’s write-up, which appears in the Star Tribune, is similar to Lulli and Henson’s (2006) article in two aspects. First, both articles tackle issues associated with labor union organizing. Katszuba’s article describes a problem associated with efforts to organize a labor union in an office that appears to be exempt from labor union organizing according to State Laws. In the same manner, Lulli and Henson are interested in the dynamics of labor union organizing in a growingly difficult environment where businesses are more interested in reducing labor costs and retaining their competitive advantage. Another similarity is that both articles present the political factors that affect labor union organizing wherein both explore the political motives behind union formation. Both Katszuba’s and Lulli and Henson’s article presents the agenda behind union organizing for the employees and other interest groups and personalities. On the other hand, there are differences between Katszuba’s report and Lulli and Henson’s (2006) article in terms of data and facts presented, specific issues raised, and the perspective from which the general issue of labor union organizing is discussed. Lulli and Henson’s article clearly present the general business and economic environment where labor unions are situated, the factors that promote labor union organizing activities, and the political, social, technological, and internal business practice agenda forwarded by the labor movement. They attempt to provide a wide understanding of the innovations in strategies and tactics employed by labor unions in general. Meanwhile, Katszuba describes a more particular scenario involving the organizing efforts of a labor union at the State Attorney General’s office. His article focuses more on the conflicting interests between the labor union, the State Attorney General as employer, and the employees of the Attorney General’s office. Likewise, Lulli and Henson raises the issue of the political, economic, and social impact of more advanced strategies and tactics used by labor unions to further their sectoral interests. The article discusses in detail the various ways in which labor unions are able to influence legislation, pressure politicians and investors into keeping businesses that are deemed anti-labor from opening new markets in some states, expand membership through a planned recruitment strategy targetting the younger generation of workers, take advantage of technology to advance their organizing efforts and reach a wider audience, and turning mergers and other business activities into opportunities to consolidate and strengthen their ranks. Lulli and Henson note how the results of credible surveys such and polls point to an uptrend for labor union power, support, and influence among the population and how an environment that is supportive of labor unions is encouraged by political and economic developments. They therefore give credit to the labor unions for being able to stand up for their interests and being able to come up with better strategies in organizing. At the same time, the authors observe that human resource professionals must be able to take note and study these developments in the labor movement critically in order to formulate appropriate approaches and tactics in dealing with increased union activity. Katszuba, on the other hand, highlights the tensions and problems created by the labor union organizing attempts in the State Attorney General’s office between employer and employees and within the labor union movement itself due to the â€Å"illegality† of labor organizing in the AG’s office. Likewise, the article not only raises the question of the validity of establishing a labor union in the State Attorney General’s office but also the question of motive in such efforts. To this effect, the article presents the controversy that a former candidate for the State General’s Office is behind the labor organizing efforts and is fanning the embers of employee dissatisfaction in order to destabilize the Office and embarrass the incumbent Attorney General. The question of motive is a crucial point in this article since it influences the reader’s perception of the trouble arising from labor union activities and seems to discredit the efforts of the labor union to gain employee representation by ascribing their motives to an external force other than the employees. The main difference between the two articles lies in the perspective from which union activities and tactics are discussed. Lulli and Henson’s article approaches the subject of evolving labor union strategies academically and in a neutral manner. They present the data in a way that attempts to provide Human Resource personnel with useful information on handling labor union organizing efforts and activities. In contrast, Katszuba’s article presents the story of the â€Å"organizing flap† in the Attorney General’s office in a more sensationalized manner. Although there is an attempt to establish objectivity by presenting both sides of the contending parties, the article is unfortunately lacking in more detailed explanation of the legislative factor that renders the organizing activities illegal. Thus, Mike Katszuba’s report on the â€Å"organizing flap in the AG’s office† and Lulli and Henson’s (2006) article on â€Å"union organizing trends and tactics† are similar in that they examine the phenomenon and issues of labor union organizing. However, a deeper scrutiny of the two articles reveals that while there may be similarities between these reports, there are also salient differences in terms of the facts they present, the issues they raise, and the perspective and objectives that the respective authors wish to impart to their readers.   

Its an essay on Hamlets delay in killing Claudius. Its a good paper. I got an A on it.

Its an essay on Hamlets delay in killing Claudius. Its a good paper. I got an A on it. Hamlet's DelayIn Shakespeare's Hamlet, the main character continually delays acting out his duty of avenging his father's murder. This essay will discuss how Hamlet's nature and morals (which are intensified by difficult events) prevent him from carrying out the task.In the opening scenes of the play, the Ghost of Hamlet's late father reveals to him the true means by which King Hamlet died. The Ghost tells Hamlet that Claudius pouring poison into his ear caused his father's death. He exhorts Hamlet to avenge the murder. Hamlet's initial response is to act on the Ghost's exhortation quickly. Hamlet says; "Haste me to know't that I with wings as swift...May sweep to my revenge, (Roberts, pg. 1370)." Yet by the end of the same scene, his reluctance to murder King Claudius is evident. Hamlet says; "This time is out of joint, O cursed spite, that I was ever born to set it right, (Roberts, pg.English: Henry Fuseli - Hamlet and his father's Gh...1374)." Hamlet is like a soldier that is thro wn into a war where he has to do some things he rather would avoid doing, but under the given circumstances he bites his teeth and carries himself well (Stratford, 128). In this war, the circumstances brought on by Claudius's murdering of King Hamlet are Hamlet's enemy. His dead father is the destroyed country, painful truth that leaves so much hatred and resentment in his heart. Being a loyal prince and son, and one whom entire kingdom respected, he should seek revenge and bring justice back in the royal court.Many theories have been put forward as to the reasons for Hamlet's delay in avenging the King from hereon in. One theory suggests that Hamlet wished to determine the nature of the Ghost before acting, for he says in Act II: Scene 2 that "The spirit I...

•Explore and discuss the issue of the continuing relevance, if Essay

†¢Explore and discuss the issue of the continuing relevance, if any, of the medieval crusades on Middle Eastern and Western societies in the early twenty-first century - Essay Example George Dennis defines holy war according to three criteria. â€Å"A holy war has to be declared by a competent religious authority, the obvious examples being a Christian pope or a Muslim caliph. The objective must be religious; again, two obvious examples are the protection or recovery of sacred shrines or the forced conversion or subjection of others to your religion. Finally, those who participate in the holy war are to be promised a spiritual reward, such as remission of their sins or assurance of a place in paradise† (45). Consequently, from these three perspectives, crusades could be viewed as holy wars for they were initiated by the Pope Urban II, its initial and hypothetic objective was really the recovery of sacred lands, and indeed the participants of the crusades were promised pardon of all their sins. But when the real goals and motives are to be contemplated, they definitely lie in more than in simple recovery of Jerusalem (Child et al 87). George Dennis believes that it is very strange of the people (both nobility and the commons) to leave their homes and travel thousands of miles in order to protect some abstract land. There is not seen any other motivation than their religious devotion. But this can be true for a small number of common crusade participants. The reason for this doubt consists in the certain amount of facts. Many of the noblemen (and even peasants) longed for some kind of a gain whether it be land or power for themselves (Child et al 60). The reason for this is evident: the younger sons of European nobility who were not supposed to obtain rule of their family lands had to search for their own lands. As for the commons, they were poor, and that is the reason (Essortment n.d.). Other reasons for the crusades seem far from religious, too. But they can rather be defined as the lust for power over the lands which became stronger and

Book review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Book review - Essay Example he author’s intention is clear from the start that she wants an apology from the Japanese government and a repatriation for the comfort women whom she believed were aggrieved and should be justly paid. Her paper is also a subtle way of pronouncing that she is supporting the advocacies of pro-comfort women rights. It is addressed to an audience that is working for this commitment. Her articulation of events and history of comfort women agrees with other written articles about the matter. She wrote about the number of about 200,000 women in brothels, and the pains and sexual diseases they have contracted, in the same way it is reported in the Encyclopedia article for comfort women. Author is able to uncover events beyond World War II and takes us to the recent scenarios of confessions of comfort women, investigations and hearings in order to convince the Japanese government to apologize. She was able to unearth researches relevant on the matter from archives and incorporated it in her study that could be useful to other interested researchers. Other topics that she wrote about international responses like that of the US, Canada, Dutch Parliament and EU are also found in numerous articles of research, but nevertheless, a confirmation of evidences. This also shows that the argument Choi had written is backed up by evidences from primary sources. The author is a graduate student at the Bologna Center of the Johns Hopkins University Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies. Her areas of concentration are International Relations and International Law and